Volume 11 Issue 1
Apr.  2020
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Related Articles
Lin Li, Jingru Ge, Sangyu Zheng, Lihong Hong, Xini Zhang, Ming Li, Jinsong Liu. 2020: Thermogenic responses in Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) to seasonal acclimatization and temperature-photoperiod acclimation. Avian Research, 11(1): 35. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-020-00222-9
Citation: Lin Li, Jingru Ge, Sangyu Zheng, Lihong Hong, Xini Zhang, Ming Li, Jinsong Liu. 2020: Thermogenic responses in Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) to seasonal acclimatization and temperature-photoperiod acclimation. Avian Research, 11(1): 35. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-020-00222-9
shu

Thermogenic responses in Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) to seasonal acclimatization and temperature-photoperiod acclimation

  • College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China

Funds: 

grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China 31470472

grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China 31971420

More Information
  • Corresponding author:

    Ming Li, limingjinwen@126.com

    Jinsong Liu, ljs@wzu.edu.cn

  • †Lin Li and Jingru Ge contributed equally to this work

  • Received Date: 02 Jul 2020
  • Accepted Date: 07 Sep 2020
  • Available Online: 24 Apr 2022
  • Published Date: 12 Sep 2020
    Abstract
  • Background 

    Small birds in temperate habitats must either migrate, or adjust aspects of their morphology, physiology and behavior to cope with seasonal change in temperature and photoperiod. It is, however, difficult to accurately measure how seasonal changes in temperature and photoperiod affect physiological processes such as basal metabolic rate (BMR) and metabolic activity. To address this problem, we collected data in each month of the year on body mass (Mb) and BMR, and conducted a series of experiments to determine the effect of temperature and photoperiod on Mb, BMR and physiological markers of metabolic activity, in the Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus).

    Methods 

    In one experiment, we measured monthly change in Mb and BMR in a captive group of birds over a year. In another experiment, we examined the effects of acclimating birds to two different temperatures, 10 and 30 ℃, and a long and a short photoperiod (16 h light:8 h dark and 8 h light:16 h dark, respectively) for 4 weeks.

    Results 

    We found that these treatments induced sparrows to adjust their Mb and metabolic rate processes. Acclimation to 30 ℃ for 4 weeks significantly decreased sparrows' Mb, BMR, and energy intake, including both gross energy intake and digestible energy intake, compared to birds acclimated to 10 ℃. The dry mass of the liver, kidneys and digestive tract of birds acclimated to 30 ℃ also significantly decreased, although their heart and skeletal muscle mass did not change significantly relative to those acclimated to 10 ℃. Birds acclimated to 30 ℃ also had lower mitochondrial state-4 respiration (S4R) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity in their liver and skeletal muscle, compared to those acclimated to 10 ℃. Birds acclimated to the long photoperiod also had lower mitochondrial S4R and COX activity in their liver, compared to those acclimated to the short photoperiod.

    Conclusions 

    These results illustrate the changes in morphology, physiology, and enzyme activity induced by seasonal change in temperature and photoperiod in a small temperate passerine. Both temperature and photoperiod probably have a strong effect on seasonal variation in metabolic heat production in small birds in temperate regions. The effect of temperature is, however, stronger than that of photoperiod.

    • FullText(HTML)
  • loading
    • References (69)
  • Bai ML, Wu XJ, Cai KJ, Zheng WH, Liu JS. Relationships between interspecifc differences in the mass of internal organs, biochemical markers of metabolic activity, and the thermogenic properties of three small passerines. Avian Res. 2016;7:11.
    Bushuev A, Tolstenkov O, Zubkova E, Solovyeva E, Kerimov A. Basal metabolic rate in free-living tropical birds: the influence of phylogenetic, behavioral, and ecological factors. Curr Zool. 2018;64:33–43.
    Chappell MA, Bech C, Buttemer WA. The relationship of central and peripheral organ masses to aerobic performance variation in house sparrows. J Exp Biol. 1999;202:2269–79.
    Christians JK. Controlling for body mass effects: is part–whole correlation important? Physiol Biochem Zool. 1999;72:250–3.
    Cooper SJ. Daily and seasonal variation in body mass and visible fat in mountain chickadees and juniper titmice. Wilson J Ornithol. 2007;119:720–4.
    Cui DQ, Wang N, Ge JR, Xu JY, Zheng WH, Liu JS. The role of temperature as a driver of metabolic flexibility in the Red-billed Leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea). Avian Res. 2019;10:46.
    Daan S, Masman D, Groenewold A. Avian basal metabolic rates: their association with body composition and energy expenditure in nature. Am J Physiol. 1990;259:R333–R34040.
    Eikenaar C, Hegemann A, Packmor F, Kleudgen I, Isaksson C. Not just fuel: energy stores are correlated with immune function and oxidative damage in a long-distance migrant. Curr Zool. 2020;66:21–8.
    Else PL, Brand MD, Turner N, Hulbert AJ. Respiration rate of hepatocytes varies with body mass in birds. J Exp Biol. 2004;207:2305–11.
    Goymann W, Trappschuh M, Jensen W, Schwabl I. Low ambient temperature increases food intake and dropping production, leading to incorrect estimates of hormone metabolite concentrations in European stonechats. Horm Behav. 2006;49:644–53.
    Hammond KA, Szewczak J, Król E. Efects of altitude and temperature on organ phenotypic plasticity along an altitudinal gradient. J Exp Biol. 2001;204:1991–2000.
    Hill RW. Determination of oxygen consumption by use of the paramagnetic oxygen analyzer. J Appl Physiol. 1972;33:261–3.
    Hohtola E. Thermal and electromyographic correlates of shivering thermogenesis in the pigeon. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 1982;73:159–66.
    Hu SN, Zhu YY, Lin L, Zheng WH, Liu JS. Temperature and photoperiod as environmental cues affect body mass and thermoregulation in Chinese bulbuls (Pycnonotus sinensis). J Exp Biol. 2017;220:844–55.
    Kersten M, Piersma T. High levels of energy expenditure in shorebirds; metabolic adaptations to an energetically expensive way of life. Ardea. 1987;75:175–87.
    Li M, Sun YQ, Mao HZ, Xu JH, Zheng WH, Liu JS. Seasonal phenotypic flexibility in body mass, basal thermogenesis, and tissue oxidative capacity in the male Silky Starling (Sturnus sericeus). Avian Res. 2017;8:25.
    Liknes ET, Swanson DL. Seasonal variation in cold tolerance, basal metabolic rate, and maximal capacity for thermogenesis in white–breasted nuthatches Sitta carolinensis and downy woodpeckers Picoides pubescens, two unrelated arboreal temperate residents. J Avian Biol. 1996;27:279–88.
    Liknes ET, Swanson DL. Phenotypic flexibility in passerine birds: seasonal variation of aerobic enzyme activities in skeletal muscle. J Therm Biol. 2011;36:430–6.
    Liu JS, Li M. Phenotypic flexibility of metabolic rate and organ masses among tree sparrows Passer montanus in seasonal acclimatization. Acta Zool Sin. 2006;52:469–77.
    Liu JS, Li M, Shao SL. Seasonal changes in thermogenic properties of liver and muscle in tree sparrows Passer montanus. Acta Zool Sin. 2008;54:777–84.
    Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951;193:265–75.
    MacKinnon J, Phillipps K. A field guide to the birds of China. London: Oxford University Press; 2000.
    Maldonado K, Cavieres G, Veloso C, Canals M, Sabat P. Physiological responses in rufous-collared sparrows to thermal acclimation and seasonal acclimatization. J Comp Physiol B. 2009;179:335–43.
    Marjoniemi K, Hohtola E. Shivering thermogenesis in leg and breast muscles of Galliform chicks and nestlings of the domestic pigeon. Physiol Biochem Zool. 1999;72:484–92.
    McKechnie AE. Phenotypic flexibility in basal metabolic rate and the changing view of avian physiological diversity: a review. J Comp Physiol B. 2008;178:235–47.
    McKechnie AE, Swanson DL. Sources and significance of variation in basal, summit and maximal metabolic rates in birds. Curr Zool. 2010;56:741–58.
    McKechnie AE, Chetty K, Lovegrove BG. Phenotypic flexibility in basal metabolic rate in laughing doves: responses to short–term thermal acclimation. J Exp Biol. 2007;210:97–106.
    McNab BK. On the utility of uniformity in the definition of basal rate of metabolism. Physiol Zool. 1997;70:718–20.
    McNab BK. The relationship among flow rate, chamber volume and calculated rate of metabolism in vertebrate respirometry. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 2006;145:287–94.
    McNab BK. Ecological factors affect the level and scaling of avian BMR. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 2009;152:22–45.
    Ni XY, Lin L, Zhou FF, Wang XH, Liu JS. Effect of photoperiod on body mass, organ masses and energy metabolism in Chinese bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis). Acta Ecol Sin. 2011;31:1703–13.
    Peña-Villalobos I, Nuñez-Villegas M, Bozinovic F, Sabat P. Metabolic enzymes in seasonally acclimatized and cold acclimated rufous-collared sparrow inhabiting a Chilean Mediterranean environment. Curr Zool. 2014;60:338–50.
    Piersma T, Drent J. Phenotypic flexibility and the evolution of organismal design. Trends Ecol Evol. 2003;18:228–33.
    Rasmussen UF, Vielwerth SE, Rasmussen VH. Skeletal muscle bioenergetics: a comparative study of mitochondria isolated from pigeon pectoralis, rat soleus, rat biceps brachii, pig biceps femoris and human quadriceps. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 2004;137:435–46.
    Saarela S, Heldmaier G. Effect of photoperiod and melatonin on cold resistance, thermoregulation and shivering/nonshivering thermogenesis in Japanese quail. J Comp Physiol B. 1987;157:625–33.
    Sandoval L, David RW. Local predation pressure predicts the strength of mobbing responses in tropical birds. Curr Zool. 2012;58:781–90.
    Smit B, McKechnie AE. Avian seasonal metabolic variation in a subtropical desert: basal metabolic rates are lower in winter than in summer. Funct Ecol. 2010;24:330–9.
    Starck JM, Rahmaan GHA. Phenotypic flexibility of structure and function of the digestive system of Japanese quail. J Exp Biol. 2003;206:1887–97.
    Stager M, Swanson DL, Heviron ZA. Regulatory mechanisms of metabolic fexibility in the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). J Exp Biol. 2015;218:767–77.
    Swanson DL. Seasonal variation in cold hardiness and peak rates of coldinduced thermogenesis in the dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis. Auk. 1990;107:561–6.
    Swanson DL. Substrate metabolism under cold stress in seasonally acclimatized dark-eyed juncos. Physiol Biochem Zool. 1991;64:1578–92.
    Swanson DL. Are summit metabolism and thermogenic endurance correlated in winter acclimatized passerine birds? J Comp Physiol B. 2001;171:475–81.
    Swanson DL. Seasonal metabolic variation in birds: functional and mechanistic correlates. In: Thompson CF, editor. Current ornithology. Berlin: Springer; 2010. p. 75–129.
    Swanson DL, Olmstead KL. Evidence for a proximate influence of winter temperature on metabolism in passerine birds. Physiol Biochem Zool. 1999;72:566–75.
    Swanson DL, Merkord CL. Seasonal phenotypic flexibility of flight muscle size in small birds: a comparison of ultrasonography and tissue mass measurements. J Ornithol. 2013;154:119–27.
    Swanson DL, Zhang YF, Liu JS, Merkord CL, King MO. Relative roles of temperature and photoperiod as drivers of metabolic flexibility in dark-eyed juncos. J Exp Biol. 2014;217:866–75.
    Swanson D, McKechnie AE, Vézina F. How low can you go? An adaptive energetic framework for interpreting basal metabolic rate variation in endotherms. J Comp Physiol B. 2017;187:1039–56.
    Teulier L, Rouanet JL, Letexier D, Romestaing C, Belouze M, Rey B, et al. Coldacclimation-induced non-shivering thermogenesis in birds is associated with upregulation of avian UCP but not with innate uncoupling or altered ATP efficiency. J Exp Biol. 2010;213:2476–82.
    Vézina F, Williams TD. Interaction between organ mass and citrate synthase activity as an indicator of tissue maximal oxidative capacity in breeding European starlings: implications for metabolic rate and organ mass relationships. Funct Ecol. 2005;19:119–28.
    Villarin JJ, Schaeffer PJ, Markle RA, Lindstedt SL. Chronic cold exposure increases liver oxidative capacity in the marsupial. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 2003;136:621–30.
    Wang DH, Sun RY, Wang ZW, Liu JS. Effects of temperature and photoperiod on thermogenesis in plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) and root voles (Microtus oeconomus). J Comp Physiol B. 1999;169:77–83.
    Wang JQ, Wang JJ, Wu XJ, Zheng WH, Liu JS. Short photoperiod increases energy intake, metabolic thermogenesis and organ mass in silky starlings Sturnus sericeus. Zool Res. 2016;37:75–83.
    Wang Y, Shan SS, Zhang HD, Dong BB, Zheng WH, Liu JS. Physiological and biochemical thermoregulatory responses in male Chinese Hwameis to seasonal acclimatization: phenotypic flexibility in a small passerine. Zool Stud. 2019;58:6.
    Wiesinger H, Heldmaier G, Buchberger A. Effect of photoperiod and acclimation temperature on nonshivering thermogenesis and GDP-binding of brown fat mitochondria in the Djungarian hamster Phodopus s. sungorus. Pflügers Arch. 1989;413:667–72.
    Williams JB, Tieleman BI. Flexibility in basal metabolic rate and evaporative water loss among hoopoe larks exposed to different environmental temperatures. J Exp Biol. 2000;203:3153–9.
    Wu MS, Xiao YC, Fang Y, Zhou LM, Zheng WH, Liu JS. Seasonal variation in body mass and energy budget in Chinese bulbuls (Pycnonotus sinensis). Avian Res. 2014a;5:4.
    Wu MX, Zhou LM, Zhao LD, Zhao ZJ, Zheng WH, Liu JS. Seasonal variation in body mass, body temperature and thermogenesis in the Hwamei Garrulax canorus. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 2015;179:113–9.
    Wu YN, Lin L, Xiao YC, Zhou LM, Wu MS, Zhang HY, et al. Effects of temperature acclimation on body mass and energy budget in the Chinese bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis. Zool Res. 2014b;35:33–41.
    Zhang YF, Eyster K, Swanson DL. Context-dependent regulation of pectoralis myostatin and lipid transporters by temperature and photoperiod in dark-eyed juncos. Curr Zool. 2018a;64:23–31.
    Zhang YY, Yang K, Yang PP, Su YS, Zheng WH, Liu JS. Food restriction decreases BMR, body and organ mass, and cellular energetics, in the Chinese Bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis). Avian Res. 2018b;9:39.
    Zhao LD, Wang RM, Wu YN, Wu MS, Zheng WH, Liu JS. Daily variation in body mass and thermoregulation in male hwamei Garrulax canorus at different seasons. Avian Res. 2015;6:4.
    Zheng WH, Liu JS, Jang XH, Fang YY, Zhang GK. Seasonal variation on metabolism and thermoregulation in Chinese bulbul. J Therm Biol. 2008a;33:315–9.
    Zheng WH, Li M, Liu JS, Shao SL. Seasonal acclimatization of metabolism in Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus). Comp Biochem Physiol A. 2008b;151:519–25.
    Zheng WH, Fang YY, Jang XH, Zhang GK, Liu JS. Comparison of thermogenic character of liver and muscle in Chinese bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis between summer and winter. Zool Res. 2010;31:319–27.
    Zheng WH, Lin L, Liu JS, Pan H, Cao MT, Hu YL. Physiological and biochemical thermoregulatory responses of Chinese bulbuls Pycnonotus sinensis to warm temperature: Phenotypic flexibility in a small passerine. J Therm Biol. 2013a;38:240–6.
    Zheng WH, Lin L, Liu JS, Xu XJ, Li M. Geographic variation in basal thermogenesis in little buntings: Relationship to cellular thermogenesis and thyroid hormone concentrations. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 2013b;164:483–90.
    Zheng WH, Liu JS, Swanson DL. Seasonal phenotypic flexibility of body mass, organ masses, and tissue oxidative capacity and their relationship to RMR in Chinese bulbuls Pycnonotus sinensis. Physiol Biochem Zool. 2014a;87:432–44.
    Zheng WH, Li M, Liu JS, Shao SL, Xu XJ. Seasonal variation of metabolic thermogenesis in Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus) over a latitudinal gradient. Physiol Biochem Zool. 2014b;87:704–18.
    Zhou LM, Xia SS, Chen Q, Wang RM, Zheng WH, Liu JS. Phenotypic flexibility of thermogenesis in the Hwamei (Garrulax canorus): responses to cold acclimation. Am J Physiol. 2016;310:R330–R33636.
    • Related Articles

  • Related Articles

    Jian Ding, Shengnan Wang, Wenzhi Yang, Huijie Zhang, Ni Wang, Yingmei Zhang. 2025: How does asymmetric sibling rivalry respond under environmental metal pollution? A case study of the Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus). Avian Research, 16(1): 100225. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100225
    Hong Jin, Qi Xia, Ziqing Gao, Yujie XuanYuan, Beibei Dong, Ming Li, Qingjian Liang, Jinsong Liu. 2025: Decreased basal thermogenesis is associated with the downregulation of cellular metabolic activity of organs and serum thyroid hormones in fasting Eurasian Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus). Avian Research, 16(1): 100220. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100220
    Lirong Zuo, Ibrahim M. Ahmad, Yuanyuan Liu, Limin Wang, Shu Fang, Dongming Li. 2023: Effects of constant light and dark conditions on the locomotor activity, body mass, and body temperature rhythms of Eurasian Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus). Avian Research, 14(1): 100126. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100126
    Yujie XuanYuan, Ran Chen, Jieheng Xu, Jiacheng Zhou, Ming Li, Jinsong Liu. 2023: Seasonal acclimatization and temperature acclimation in small passerine birds is achieved via metabolic adjustments. Avian Research, 14(1): 100084. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100084
    Yang Wang, Yuan Yin, Zhipeng Ren, Chuan Jiang, Yanfeng Sun, Juyong Li, Ghulam Nabi, Yuefeng Wu, Dongming Li. 2020: A comparison of flight energetics and kinematics of migratory Brambling and residential Eurasian Tree Sparrow. Avian Research, 11(1): 25. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-020-00211-y
    Yuliang Zhao, Lingjuan Gong, Baohua Zhao, Xuebin Gao, Yuefeng Wu, Dongming Li. 2017: Life-history dependent relationships between plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and body condition in male Eurasian Tree Sparrows. Avian Research, 8(1): 18. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-017-0075-4
    Lidan Zhao, Lijun Gao, Wenyu Yang, Xianglong Xu, Weiwei Wang, Wei Liang, Shuping Zhang. 2017: Do migrant and resident species differ in the timing of increases in reproductive and thyroid hormone secretion and body mass?A case study in the comparison of pre-breeding physiological rhythms in the Eurasian Skylark and Asian Short-toed Lark. Avian Research, 8(1): 10. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-017-0068-3
    Yanfeng Sun, Mo Li, Gang Song, Fumin Lei, Dongming Li, Yuefeng Wu. 2017: The role of climate factors in geographic variation in body mass and wing length in a passerine bird. Avian Research, 8(1): 1. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-016-0059-9
    Lidan Zhao, Runmei Wang, Yunan Wu, Mengsi Wu, Weihong Zheng, Jinsong Liu. 2015: Daily variation in body mass and thermoregulation in male Hwamei (Garrulax canorus) at different seasons. Avian Research, 6(1): 4. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-015-0011-4
    Shuping ZHANG, Guangmei ZHENG. 2010: Effect of urbanization on the abundance and distribution of Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus) in Beijing. Avian Research, 1(3): 188-197. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2010.0012

  • Cited by

    Periodical cited type(13)

    1. Deviche, P., Sweazea, K., Upah, N. Adjustments to energy provisioning and oxidative balance in response to temperature in a wild passerine. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 2025. DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2025.111864
    2. Campbell, M.J., Mastromonaco, G.F., Burness, G. Interactive Effects of Temperature Acclimation and Dietary Fatty Acids on Metabolic Rate and Body Composition of Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology, 2025, 343(5): 617-628. DOI:10.1002/jez.2915
    3. Jin, H., Xia, Q., Gao, Z. et al. Decreased basal thermogenesis is associated with the downregulation of cellular metabolic activity of organs and serum thyroid hormones in fasting Eurasian Tree Sparrows (Passer montanus). Avian Research, 2025, 16(1): 100220. DOI:10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100220
    4. Andong, F.A., Ejere, V.C., Agina, O.A. et al. Assessment of biometrics and stress indicators of the adult Village Weaver birds (Ploceus cucullatus) during breeding and post-breeding seasons in Jos, Nigeria. Heliyon, 2024, 10(10): e31196. DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31196
    5. Li, M., Xu, M., Wang, J. et al. Phenotypic flexibility in metabolic adjustments and digestive function in white-shouldered starlings: responses to short-term temperature acclimation. Journal of Experimental Biology, 2024, 227(1): jeb246214. DOI:10.1242/jeb.246214
    6. Xu, X., Wang, J., Lv, K. et al. Thermoregulation and antioxidant defense mechanisms in Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus) under acute heat stress. European Zoological Journal, 2024, 91(1): 406-419. DOI:10.1080/24750263.2024.2344627
    7. XuanYuan, Y., Chen, R., Xu, J. et al. Seasonal acclimatization and temperature acclimation in small passerine birds is achieved via metabolic adjustments. Avian Research, 2023. DOI:10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100084
    8. Li, C., Liu, C., Hu, P. et al. Seasonal adjustments in body mass and basal thermogenesis in Chinese hwameis (Garrulax canorus): the roles of temperature and photoperiod. Journal of Experimental Biology, 2022, 225(17): jeb244502. DOI:10.1242/jeb.244502
    9. Swanson, D.L., Zhang, Y., Jimenez, A.G. Skeletal muscle and metabolic flexibility in response to changing energy demands in wild birds. Frontiers in Physiology, 2022. DOI:10.3389/fphys.2022.961392
    10. Tang, Z.-R., Chen, S.-Y., Lu, W. et al. Morphological and physiological correlates of among- individual variation in basal metabolic rate in two passerine birds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 2022. DOI:10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111160
    11. Wang, L., Nabi, G., Zhang, L. et al. Seasonal variations in gonad morphology and hypothalamic GnRH-I and GnIH in Eurasian Tree Sparrow, a multi-brooded passerine. Avian Research, 2022. DOI:10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100037
    12. Wang, L., Nabi, G., Yin, L. et al. Birds and plastic pollution: recent advances. Avian Research, 2021, 12(1): 59. DOI:10.1186/s40657-021-00293-2
    13. Nabi, G., Xing, D., Sun, Y. et al. Coping with extremes: High-altitude sparrows enhance metabolic and thermogenic capacities in the pectoralis muscle and suppress in the liver relative to their lowland counterparts. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 2021. DOI:10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113890

    Other cited types(0)

Catalog

    Corresponding author: Jinsong Liu, ljs@wzu.edu.cn

    • College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China

    1. On this Site
    2. On Google Scholar
    3. On PubMed

    Figures(4)  /  Tables(2)

    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML

    Article Metrics

    Article views (1234) PDF downloads (11) Cited by(13)
    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd.   Technical support: info@rhhz.net

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return