Volume 3 Issue 4
Nov.  2012
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Study area and methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Related Articles
Csaba MOSKÁT, Fugo TAKASU, A. Roman MUÑOZ, Hiroshi NAKAMURA, Miklós BÁN, Zoltán BARTA. 2012: Cuckoo parasitism on two closely-related Acrocephalus warblers in distant areas: a case of parallel coevolution?. Avian Research, 3(4): 320-329. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2012.0038
Citation: Csaba MOSKÁT, Fugo TAKASU, A. Roman MUÑOZ, Hiroshi NAKAMURA, Miklós BÁN, Zoltán BARTA. 2012: Cuckoo parasitism on two closely-related Acrocephalus warblers in distant areas: a case of parallel coevolution?. Avian Research, 3(4): 320-329. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2012.0038
shu

Cuckoo parasitism on two closely-related Acrocephalus warblers in distant areas: a case of parallel coevolution?

  • 1.

    MTA-ELTE-MTM Ecology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, c/o Biological Institute, Eötvös Lóránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C., H-1117 Budapest, Hungary and Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross u. 13., H-1088 Budapest, Hungary

  • 2.

    Department of Information and Computer Sciences, Nara Women's University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan

  • 3.

    Fundación Migres, N-340 Km. 96, Algeciras, E-11390, Cádiz, Spain

  • 4.

    Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Shinshu University, Nishinagano, Nagano 380-8544, Japan

  • 5.

    MTA-DE "Lendület" Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Zoology, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary

More Information
  • Corresponding author:

    Csaba Moskát, E-mail: moskat@nhmus.hu

  • Received Date: 22 Nov 2012
  • Accepted Date: 08 Dec 2012
  • Available Online: 23 Apr 2023
    Graphical Abstract
    • Abstract

  • Common Cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) parasitize nests of small passerines. The Cuckoo chicks cause the death of their nest-mates when evicting eggs or nestlings from the nests; consequently, hosts suffer from a high loss of reproduction. Host adaptations against parasitism, e.g., by egg discrimination behavior, and cuckoo counter-adaptations to hosts, e.g., by mimetic eggs, are often regarded as a result of the arms race between the two interacting species. In Hungary Great Reed Warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) are the main hosts of cuckoos, suffering from heavy parasitism (ca. 40-65%). The Oriental Reed Warbler (A. orientalis), formerly a subspecies of the Great Reed Warbler (A. a. orientalis), is also a highly parasitized host in Japan (25-40%). We compared main characteristics of Cuckoo parasitism in these two distant areas from the Western and Eastern Palearctic by comparing cuckoo egg mimicry. We measured color characteristics of host and parasitic eggs by spectrophotometer. Visual modeling revealed lower chromatic distances between Cuckoo and host eggs in Hungary than in Japan, but high variation both in host and Cuckoo eggs may cause matching problems in Hungary. Achromatic (brightness) difference between host and Cuckoo eggs were lower in Japan than in Hungary, and it proved to be the most important factor affecting egg rejection. Hosts rejected Cuckoo eggs at similar frequencies (37% and 35% in Hungary and Japan, respectively). Host adaptation, i.e., egg rejection behavior, seems to be preceding Cuckoo counter-adaptations to hosts in Japan. We suggest that the Cuckoo-Great/Oriental Reed Warbler relationships developed in alternative ways in Japan and Hungary, and they represent different stages of their arms race.

    • FullText(HTML)

  • Hedgerows are agricultural field boundaries with natural, remnant vegetation, grown and managed during the shift from communal to individual agricultural practices (Baudry et al., 2000). They were developed in response to the inherent physical and biological characteristics associated with the prevalent culture. Plant species diversity and composition of hedgerows depend on the interest of individual farmers and the community. Currently, Angacha is the only hedgerow growing region in Ethiopia with diverse hedgerow plant species and complex vegetation structures. Hedgerow habitat quality depends on plant species composition, diversity and its associated fauna (Hinsley and Bellamy, 2000). Local communities use these hedgerows as sources of fuel and construction material; , hedgerows have ecological and cultural values (Baudry et al., 2000). Hedgerows can also serve as a corridor and refuge, play a role in soil conservation and runoff catchments and provide nesting, feeding and wintering sites for birds (Pollard et al., 1974; Burel, 1996; Rappole et al., 2003; Kati and Sekercioglu, 2006).

    Modified habitats, such as hedgerows, support substantial bird diversity (Hughes et al., 2002; Sodhi et al., 2005). However, the diversity of avian species and their response vary, depending on vegetation composition and structure (Chamberlain et al., 2000; Sekercioglu, 2002; Sodhi et al., 2005). The most important factors associated with species richness, abundance and breeding of hedgerow birds are the size (height, width or volume) and the abundance of trees (Hinsley and Bellamy, 2000; Brambilla et al., 2009).

    Intensification of agriculture is the main threat to farmland bird diversity, especially for less abundant species (Chamberlain et al., 2000; Whittingham and Evans, 2004). Hedgerow bird population recovery requires restoration of nesting covers such as shrubs, woodland and understories (Peach et al., 2004; Peh et al., 2006).

    There are no previous studies on hedgerows and their birds at Angacha. Sustaining this unique habitat in Ethiopia requires management and conservation. Hence, the present study was aimed to assess and compare three types of hedgerows and their bird diversity, species richness, relative abundance and seasonal composition at Angacha. It helps to devise management measures in order to sustain hedgerows and their faunal diversity, given the present decline of bird diversity and biodiversity in general.

    The present study area was located at the Kembatta Zone, 260 km south of Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia. This area is situated at elevations ranging from 2100 to 3028 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1). The area has a bimodal rainfall pattern with a mean annual rainfall of 1631 mm and mean annual temperature of 20℃. The short rainy season (January or March) is irregular with light rainfall, while the long rainy season (June to September) is characterized by high intensity rains in July. The most common plant species of hedgerows are Arsenic bush (Senna septemtrionalis), Justicia comata (Justicia schimperiana), Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalinea), Croton (Croton macrostachys) and Erythrina abyssinica (Erythrina brucei)

    Figure  1.  Map of Angacha with its sub study sites (Source: Ethiopian Mapping Authority, 1998).
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    The present study was carried out from March to August 2010, covering both dry and wet seasons. Surveys of twenty days were carried out per month using point-count and line-transect methods (Bibby et al., 1992; Gibbons et al., 1998). The height and width of the vegetation of the hedgerows were estimated and/or measured (Baudry et al., 2000). Based on the variation in thickness, hedgerows were grouped into one of the following three types: 1) open farmland with fences to dispersed bordering hedges (0–2 m) of S1; 2) thin hedgerows (2–5 m) of S2 and S3; and 3) thick or dense hedgerows (≥5 m) of S4 and S5.

    The hedgerows were located at 0.5 to 1 km distance from each other as shown in Fig. 2. Given this condition, the study site, Angacha was divided into five sub-sites with a total of 125 point counts. Each sub-site had five sampling units and 25 point counts. Five sampling point counts with five replicates were performed per hedgerow type per season per sub-study site. In order to minimize double counting of birds, point counts were made at a distance of 200 m at the junction of hedgerow networks, following the method by Hinsley and Bellamy (2000). In each point count per hedgerow type, bird counts were made at a 25 m radius of a point count by direct observation within 5–10 min.

    Figure  2.  Modeled study area hedgerow types and their thickness. Birds point-counts represent a total of 45 transects and 125 point counts. S1 = 0–2 m (open), S2 = 2–3 m and S3 = 3–5 m (Thin), S4 and S5 ≥ 5 m (Thick).
    DownLoad: Full-Size Img PowerPoint

    T-tests at a 95% CI and ANOVAs were carried out using SPSS software, version 13 to test avian diversity and distribution in hedgerow types per season. Further, an Excel computer program was used to record data to determine the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and the Simpson similarity index in order to determine species diversity, similarity and relative abundance per type of hedgerow.

    A total of 27 species of birds from 18 families were identified during both the dry and wet seasons in open, thin and thick hedgerows (Table 1). Of these, 25 species were recorded during the dry season and 27 in the wet season. Among the 27 species identified, 5 species were recorded during the dry season in open types of hedgerows, 13 in thin types and 22 in thick hedgerow types.

    Table  1.  Recorded avian species and their relative abundance in different hedgerow types during both wet and dry seasons
    Bird species recorded Scientific name Hedgerow types
    0–2 m (open) 2–5 m (thin) > 5 m (thick)
    Groundscraper thrush Psophocichia litsitsirupa 0.0133(–) 0.0266 (–) – (–)
    Mountain thrush Turdus abyssinicus 0.0067(0.0158) 0.0200 (0.0213) – (–)
    Ruppell's Robin Chat Cossyfa semirufa – (–) 0.0333 (0.0284) 0.0533 (0.0426)
    Ruppell's Black Chat Myrmecocichla melaena* – (–) 0.0067 (–) – (–)
    Common Fiscal Lunius collaris* 0.0067 (0.0071) 0.0133 (0.0212) 0.0333 (0.284)
    Swainsson's sparrow Passer swainsonni 0.0133 (0.01442) 0.0133 (0.0212) 0.0400 (0.0355)
    Red-cheeked Cordon bleu Uraegenatusbengalus – (–) 0.0133 (0.0071) 0.0133 (0.0071)
    Village weaver Ploceus cucculatus 0.0133 (0.0071) 0.0200 (0.0142) 0.0267 (0.0284)
    Red-billed firefinch Laganosticta senegala 0.0200 (0.0284) 0.0333 (0.0426) 0.0709 (0.0709)
    African Paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone vividis – (–) – (–) 0.0067 (0.0071)
    Towny flanked prinia Prinia subflava – (–) 0.0133 (0.0142) 0.0200 (0.0212)
    Common bulbul Pycnonotusbarbatus – (–) 0.0200 (0.0284) 0.0600 (0567)
    Green-backed Honeyguide Prodotiscus zambesiae – (–) 0.0467 (0.0567) 0.0867 (0.0851)
    Variable sunbird Cinniris vnustus – (–) 0.0200 (0.0142) 0.0467 (0.0425)
    Tekezze sunbird Necatarinia teacazze – (–) 0.0067 (0.0071) 0.0067 (0.0071)
    Scarlet-chested sunbird Chalcometra senegalensis – (–) 0.0067(0.0071) 0.0067(0.0071)
    White-cheeked turaco Tauraco leucotis* – (–) – (–) 0.0200 (0.0142)
    Banded Barbet Lybius undatus* – (–) – (–) 0.0133 (0.0071)
    Black-billed Barbet Lybiusguifisobalito – (–) – (–) 0.0067 (0.0071)
    Abyssinian Oriole Orolus monacha* – (–) – (–) 0.0600 (0.0567)
    Sacred ibis Threslciomis aethopicus – (–) – (–) 0.0200 (0.0142)
    Hadad ibis Bostrychia hagedash – (–) – (–) 0.0133 (0.0142)
    Glossy ibis Piegedisfalcinellus – (–) – (–) 0.0333 (0.0284)
    Wattled ibis Bostrychia carucullata* – (–) – (–) 0.0467 (0.0425)
    Hamerkop Scopus umbreta – (–) – (–) 0.0133 (0.0071)
    Egyptian Goose Alopachen aegypticus – (–) – (–) 0.0267 (0.0142)
    African grey hornbill Tockus nasutus – (–) – (–) 0.0067 (0.0071)
    Note: – means absence; inside ( ) is dry season avian relative abundance (individuals per population per hedgerow types), and outside ( ) is wet season avian relative abundance; * means endemic species.
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    High species richness was observed in thick hedgerows. Species richness in the three types of hedgerows ranged from 5 to 22 during dry season and from 6 to 24 during the wet season. There were variations in the bird species richness among hedgerow types (t = 3.361, p < 0.05) but not between seasons. The highest species diversity was obtained in the thick hedgerow type. Compared with other hedgerow types, thick hedgerows harbored high endemism (Table 2). Species similarity was high between thin and thick hedgerow types followed by open and thin types during both dry and wet seasons. The least similarity was observed between open and thick types (Table 3).

    Table  2.  Species richness and diversity indices during both dry and wet season
    Season Hedgerow types Species richness H′ Hmax H′/Hmax D′ % species
    Dry Open 5 0.037 1.61 0.023 27.02 20.0
    Thin 13 0.482 2.56 0.190 2.07 55.6
    Thick 22 0.778 3.09 0.610 1.28 85.0
    Wet Open 6 0.042 1.80 0.023 23.81 22.2
    Thin 15 0.083 2.71 0.031 12.05 55.6
    Thick 24 0.500 5.50 0.091 1.50 88.9
    Note: species richness = number of species per hedgerow type per season. H′ = Shannon-Wiener's index, D′ = Simpson's index.
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV
    Table  3.  Species similarity among the hedgerow types during dry and wet seasons
    Season Hedgerow types Open Thin Thick
    Dry Open 0.38 0.18
    Thin 0.38 0.55
    Thick 0.18 0.55
    Wet Open 0.40 0.25
    Thin 0.40 0.63
    Thick 0.25 0.63
     | Show Table
    DownLoad: CSV

    The distribution of avian species among the hedgerow types were 22.2% in open hedgerows, 55.5% in thin hedgerows and 88.9% in thick hedgerows. The highest preference was observed for the thick hedgerow type (Table 2). Relative abundance varied during dry and wet seasons for different hedgerow types. During dry and wet seasons, the relative abundance of the Green-backed Honey Guide (Prodotiscus zambesiae) was highest in thick and thin hedgerows, followed by the Red-billed Firefinch (Laganosticta senegala) in relation to other species per hedgerow per season. But the relative abundance of the red-billed fire finch was the highest within open hedgerows.

    Avian species richness, diversity, composition and endemics vary in relation to hedgerow types. These characteristics are positively associated with the variability in hedgerow plant species richness, composition and heterogeneity (Chamberlain et al., 2000; Bradbury, et al., 2001; Newton, 2004). The present study revealed the impact of hedgerow types with their variability in vegetation structure and heterogeneity of avian communities. This might be associated with the provision of cover, food, nest and nesting material. The observed high species richness, diversity and avian preferences as well as endemism for thick hedgerows and the poor community structure in open hedgerow demonstrate the impact of heterogeneity of hedgerow vegetation and its types.

    During both dry and wet seasons, high avian species similarity was observed between thick and thin hedgerow types followed by open and thin types. Shared vegetation structures and provision of common resources might have contributed to this similarity. However, species similarity deviated between open and thick hedgerows. Seasonal similarity within hedgerow types was high for thick hedgerows and was least for open types (Pollard et al., 1974; Bradbury et al., 2001). This suggests a preference of avifauna to different hedgerow types and their high ecological value. This was realized in the present study with a nearly exclusive habitation of endemic birds in thick, well managed hedgerows. Thus, the complexity of farmland boundaries (hedgerows) determined them as the habitat for the prevalent bird species (Bradbury et al., 2001).

    Intensification of agriculture and pressure from population growth affected habitat quality of hedgerows. Thinning and removal of hedgerow plants and plowing to their base reduced the habitat quality where the bird species community was poor (Whittingham and Evans, 2004). In the present study, the association of the White-cheeked Turaco (Tauraco leucotis) and Banded Barbet (Lybius undatus) with indigenous fruiting trees of thick hedgerows above 5 m, such as Erythrina brucei, showed ecological interaction of the indicator hedgerow plant species and the preference of its associated birds. However, a loss of hedgerows reduced habitat quality, causing their bird populations to decline (Peach et al., 2004).

    High species diversity, richness and endemism in thick hedgerow types during dry and wet seasons show their preference due to the availability and provision of various essential resources. Despite this, bird species preference and similarity among hedgerow types deviated considerably where the highest similarity was observed in thin and thick hedgerows during both dry and wet seasons. Habitats where natural communities are altered to managed ecosystems, conservation and regulation of hedgerows are important for the maintenance of bird distributions, diversity and ecosystem services, given the scenario of challenging changes in climate. Therefore, in order to manage and conserve hedgerows and their avian diversity, a certain amount of awareness of hedgerows and their ecological interaction with birds, as well as their role in crop production, is required. Mitigative actions are needed for the region in order to restore and conserve hedgerows as a pool for biodiversity and panacea to their loss.

    I am indebted to Professor M. Balakrishnan for his valuable criticism and review of this manuscript. My gratitude also goes to the respective Biology Departments of Dilla and Addis Ababa University for their financial support to execute this study. My special thanks go to Shagie Kokiso and her daughters and anonymous farmers of the study area for their concern, unreserved assistance and cooperation during the study period.

    • References (75)
  • Andou D, Nakamura H, Oomori S, Higuchi H. 2005. Characteristics of brood parasitism by Common Cuckoos on Azurewinged Magpies, as illustrated by video recordings. Avian Sci, 4:43–48.
    Antonov A, Stokke BG, Vikan JR, Fossøy F, Ranke PS, Røskaft E, Moksnes A, Møller AP, Shykoff JA. 2010. Egg phenotype differentiation in sympatric cuckoo Cuculus canorus gentes. J Evol Biol, 23:1170–1182.
    Avilés JM, Soler JJ, Soler M, Møller AP. 2006. Rapid increase in cuckoo egg matching in a recently parasitized reed warbler population. J Evol Biol, 19:1901–1910.
    Avilés JM. 2008. Egg colour mimicry in the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus as revealed by modelling host retinal function. Proc R Soc B, 275:2345–2352.
    Báldi A, Kisbenedek T. 2000. Bird species numbers in an archipelago of reeds at Lake Velence, Hungary. Global Ecol Biogeogr, 9:451–461.
    Bán M, Barta Z, Muñoz RA, Takasu F, Nakamura H, Moskát C. 2011. The analysis of common cuckoo's egg shape in relation to its hosts' in two geographically distant areas. J Zool, 284:77–83.
    Barabás L, Gilicze B, Takasu F, Moskát C. 2004. Survival and antiparasite defense in a host metapopulation under heavy brood parasitism: a source-sink dynamic model. J Ethol, 22:143–151.
    Bártol I, Karcza Z, Moskát C, Røskaft E, Kisbenedek T. 2002. Responses of great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus to experimental brood parasitism: the effects of a cuckoo Cuculus canorus dummy and egg mimicry. J Avian Biol, 33:420–425.
    Begum S, Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Stokke BG. 2011. Interactions between the Asian koel (Eudynamys scolopacea) and its hosts. Behaviour, 148:325–340.
    Bennett ATD, Cuthill IC. 1994. Ultraviolet vision in birds: what is its function? Vision Res, 34:1471–1478.
    Brooke M de L, Davies NB. 1988. Egg mimicry by Cuckoos Cuculus canorus in relation to discrimination by hosts. Nature, 335:630–632.
    Cassey P, Honza M, Grim T, Hauber ME. 2008. The modelling of avian visual perception predicts behavioural rejection responses to foreign egg colours. Biol Lett, 45:15–517.
    Cherry MI, Bennett ATD, Moskát C. 2007a. Host intra-clutch variation, cuckoo egg matching and egg rejection by great reed warblers. Naturwissenschaften, 94:441–447.
    Cherry MI, Bennett ATD, Moskát C. 2007b. Do cuckoos choose nests of great reed warblers on the basis of host egg appearance? J Evol Biol, 20:1218–1222.
    Cherry MI, Bennett ATD. 2001. Egg colour matching in an African cuckoo as revealed by ultraviolet-visible reflectance spectrophotometry. Proc R Soc B, 268:565–571.
    Davies NB, Brooke M de L. 1988. Cuckoos versus reed warblers: adaptations and counteradaptations. Anim Behav, 36:262–284.
    Davies NB, Brooke M de L. 1989. An experimental study of coevolution between the cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, and its hosts. I. Host egg discrimination. J Anim Ecol, 58:207–224.
    Davies NB. 2000. Cuckoos, Cowbirds and Other Cheats. T & AD Poyser, London.
    Davies NB. 2011. Cuckoo adaptations: trickery and tuning. J Zool, 284:1–14.
    Dawkins NB, Krebs JR. 1979. Arms races between and within species. Proc R Soc B, 205:489–511.
    de la Colina MA, Pompilio L, Hauber ME, Reboreda JC, Mahler B. 2012. Different recognition cues reveal the decision rules used for egg rejection by hosts of a variably mimetic avian brood parasite. Anim Cogn, 15:881–889.
    Edvardsen E, Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Øien IJ, Honza M. 2001. Egg mimicry in cuckoos parasitizing four sympatric species of Acrocephalus warblers. Condor, 103:829–837.
    Endler JA, 1993. The color of light in forests and its implications. Ecol Monogr, 63:1–27.
    Endler JA, Milke PW Jr. 2005. Comparing entire colour patterns as birds see them. Biol J Linn Soc, 86:405–431.
    Fuisz TI, de Kort SR. 2007. Habitat-dependent call divergence in the common cuckoo: is it a potential signal for assortative mating? Proc R Soc B, 274:2093–2097.
    Gomez D. 2010. AVICOL, Version 4. A program to analyse spectrometric data. Available from the author upon request (dodogomez@yahoo. fr) or by download. http://sites.google.com/site/avicolprogram/.
    Hargitai R, Moskát C, Bán M, Gil D, López-Rull I, Solymos E. 2010. Eggshell characteristics and yolk composition in the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus: are they adapted to brood parasitism? J Avian Biol, 41:177–185.
    Hart NS, Partridge JC, Cuthill IC, Bennett ATD. 2000. Visual pigments, oil droplets, ocular media and cone photoreceptor distribution in two species of passerine bird: the blue tit (Parus caeruleus L. ) and the blackbird (Turdus merula L. ). J Comp Physiol A, 186:375–387.
    Hauber ME, Sherman PW. 2001. Self-referent phenotype matching: theoretical considerations and empirical results. Trends Neurosci, 24:609–616.
    Higuchi H. 1998. Host use and egg color of Japanese cuckoos. In: Rothstein SI, Robinson SK (eds) Parasitic Birds and Their Hosts. Studies in Coevolution. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 80–93.
    Honza M, Moksnes A, Roskaft E, Stokke B. 2001. How are different common cuckoo Cuculus canorus egg morphs maintained? An evaluation of different hypotheses. Ardea, 89:341–352.
    Honza M, Procházka P, Morongová K, Capek MC, Jelinek V. 2011. Do nest light conditions affect rejection of parasitic eggs? A test of the light environment hypothesis. Ethology, 117:539–546.
    Igic B, Cassey P, Grim T, Greenwood DR, Moskát C, Rutila J, Hauber ME. 2012. A shared chemical basis of avian hostparasite egg colour mimicry. Proc R Soc B, 279:1068–1076.
    Johnsgard PA. 1997. The Avian Brood Parasites: Deception at the Nest. Oxford University Press, New York.
    Kelber A, Vorobyev M, Osorio D. 2003. Animal colour vision ― behavioural tests and physiological concepts. Biol Rev, 78:81–118.
    Kilner RM. 2006. The evolution of egg colour and patterning in birds. Biol Rev, 81:383–406.
    Krüger O. 2007. Cuckoos, cowbirds and hosts: adaptations, trade-offs and constraints. Phil Trans R Soc B, 362:1879–1886.
    Langmore NE, Stevens M, Maurer G, Kilner RM. 2009. Are dark cuckoo eggs cryptic in host nests? Anim Behav, 78:461–468.
    Leisler B, Schulze-Hagen K. 2011. The Reed Warblers: Diversity in a Uniform Bird Family. KNNV Uitgeverij.
    Lotem A, Nakamura H, Zahavi A. 1992. Rejection of cuckoo eggs in relation to host age: a possible evolutionary equilibrium. Behav Ecol, 3:128–132.
    Lotem A, Nakamura H, Zahavi A. 1995. Constrains on egg discrimination and cuckoo-host co-evolution. Anim Behav, 49:1185–1209.
    Lovászi P, Moskát C. 2004. Break-down of arms race between the red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio) and common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Behaviour, 141:245–262.
    Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Bicik V, Honza M, Øien IJ. 1993. Cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism on Acrocephalus warblers in Southern Moravia in the Czech Republic. J Ornithol, 134:425–434.
    Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Braa AT, Korsnes L, Lampe HM, Pedersen HC. 1991. Behavioural responses of potential hosts towards artificial cuckoo eggs and dummies. Behaviour, 116:64–89.
    Moksnes A, Røskaft E. 1995. Egg-morphs and host preference in the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus): an analysis of cuckoo and host eggs from European museum collections. J Zool Lond, 236:625–648.
    Møller AP, Antonov A, Stokke BG, Fossøy F, Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Takasu F. 2011. Isolation by time and habitat and coexistence of distinct host races of the common cuckoo. J Evol Biol, 24:676–684.
    Molnár B. 1944. The cuckoo in the Hungarian plain. Aquila, 51:100–112.
    Moskát C, Avilés JM, Bán M, Hargitai R, Zölei A. 2008a. Experimental support for the use of egg uniformity in parasite egg discrimination by cuckoo hosts. Behav Ecol Sociobiol, 62:1885–1890.
    Moskát C, Hansson B, Barabás L, Bártol I, Karcza Z. 2008b. Common cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism, antiparasite defence and gene flow in closely located populations of great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus. J Avian Biol, 39:663–671.
    Moskát C, Honza M. 2000. Effect of nest and nest site characteristics on the risk of cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism in the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus. Ecography, 23:335–341.
    Moskát C, Honza M. 2002. European Cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism and host's rejection behaviour in a heavily parasitized great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus population. Ibis, 144:614–622.
    Moskát C, Székely T, Cuthill IC, Kisbenedek T. 2008c. Hosts' responses to parasitic eggs: which cues elicit hosts' egg discrimination? Ethology, 114:186–194.
    Muñoz AR, Altamirano M, Takasu F, Nakamura H. 2007. Nest light environment and the potential risk of common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) parasitism. Auk, 124:619–627.
    Nakamura H, Kubota S, Suzuki R. 1998. Coevolution between the common cuckoo and its major hosts in Japan. In: Rothstein SI, Robinson SK (eds) Parasitic Birds and Their Hosts. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 94–112.
    Nakamura H. 1990. Brood parasitism by the cuckoo Cuculus canorus in Japan and the start of new parasitism on the azurewinged magpie Cyanopica cyana. Japn J Ornithol, 39:1–18.
    Osorio D, Vorobyev M. 1996. Colour vision as an adaptation to frugivory in primates. Proc R Soc B, 263:593–599.
    Payne R. 2005. Cuckoos, Cuculidae. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    Polacikova L, Grim T. 2010. Blunt egg pole holds cues for alien egg discrimination: experimental evidence. J Avian Biol, 41:111–116.
    Røskaft E, Moksnes A, Stokke BG, Bicik V, Moskát C. 2002. Agression to dummy cuckoos by potential European cuckoo hosts. Behaviour, 139:613–628.
    Røskaft E, Takasu F, Moksnes A, Stokke BG. 2006. Importance of spatial habitat structure on establishment of host defenses against brood parasitism. Behav Ecol, 17:700–708.
    Rothstein SI. 1990. A model system of coevolution: avian brood parasitism. Ann Rev Ecol Syst, 21:481–508.
    Southern HN. 1954. Mimicry in cuckoos' eggs. In: Huxley J, Hardy AC, Ford EB (eds) Evolution as a Process. Allen & Unwin, London, pp 219–232.
    Spottiswoode CN, Stevens M. 2010. Visual modelling shows that avian host parents use multiple visual cues in rejecting parasitic eggs. PNAS, 107:8672–8676.
    Stoddard MC, Stevens M. 2010. Pattern mimicry of host eggs by the common cuckoo, as seen through a bird's eye. Proc R Soc B, 277:1387–1393.
    Stokke BG, Moksnes A, Røskaft E. 2002. Obligate brood parasites as selective agents for evolution of egg appearance in passerine birds. Evolution, 56:199–205.
    Stokke BG, MoksnesA, Røskaft E. 2005. The enigma of imperfect adaptations in hosts of avian brood parasities. Ornithol Sci, 4:17–29.
    Takasu F, Moskát C, Muñoz AR, Imanishi S, Nakamura H. 2009. Adaptations in the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) to host eggs in a multiple-hosts system of brood parasitism. Biol J Linn Soc, 98:291–300.
    Takasu F, Moskát C. 2011. Modeling the consequence of increased host tolerance toward avian brood parasitism. Popul Ecol, 53:187–193.
    Takasu F. 1998. Modelling the arms race in avian brood parasitism. Evol Ecol, 12:969–987.
    Takasu F. 2003. Co-evolutionary dynamic of egg apperance in avian brood parasitism. Evol Ecol Res, 5:345–362.
    Trnka A, Prokop P. 2011. Polygynous great reed warblers Acrocephalus arundinaceus suffer more cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism than monogamous pairs. J Avian Biol, 42:192–195.
    Underwood TJ, Sealy SG. 2002. Adaptive significance of egg coloration. In: Deeming DC (ed) Avian Incubation. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 280–298.
    Vikan JR, Fossøy F, Huhta E, Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Stokke BG. 2011. Outcomes of brood parasite–host interactions mediated by egg matching: common cuckoos Cuculus canorus versus Fringilla finches. PLoS ONE, 6: e19288.
    Vorobyev M, Osorio D. 1998. Receptor noise as a determinant of colour thresholds. Proc R Soc B, 265:351–358.
    Yang C, Liang W, Cai Y, Shi S, Takasu F, Møller AP, Antonov A, Fossøy F, Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Stokke BG. 2010. Coevolution in action: disruptive selection on egg colour in an avian brood parasite and its host. PLoS ONE, 5: e10816.
    • Related Articles

  • Related Articles

    Chen Yang, Siheng Chen, Tianpei Guan. 2025: Does wetland degradation impact bird diversity differently across seasons? A case study of Zoige Alpine Wetland ecosystem. Avian Research, 16(1): 100227. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100227
    Dilshod Akhrorov, Tianlong Cai, Gang Song, Ping Fan, Ahunim Fenitie Abebe, Peng He, Fumin Lei. 2022: Ecological constraints on elevational gradients of bird species richness in Tajikistan. Avian Research, 13(1): 100026. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100026
    Aichun Xu, Maojun Zhong, Ke Tang, Xiaoyi Wang, Chen Yang, Haigen Xu, Jianfeng Yi, Wei Liu, Chunlan Zhang, Junhua Hu. 2021: Multidimensional diversity of bird communities across spatial variation of land cover in Zoige on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Avian Research, 12(1): 25. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-021-00259-4
    Xueru Yang, Xinwei Tan, Chuanwu Chen, Yanping Wang. 2020: The influence of urban park characteristics on bird diversity in Nanjing, China. Avian Research, 11(1): 45. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-020-00234-5
    Cecilia Odette Carral-Murrieta, Michelle García-Arroyo, Oscar H. Marín-Gómez, J. Roberto Sosa-López, Ian MacGregor-Fors. 2020: Noisy environments: untangling the role of anthropogenic noise on bird species richness in a Neotropical city. Avian Research, 11(1): 32. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-020-00218-5
    Naresh Pandey, Laxman Khanal, Mukesh Kumar Chalise. 2020: Correlates of avifaunal diversity along the elevational gradient of Mardi Himal in Annapurna Conservation Area, Central Nepal. Avian Research, 11(1): 31. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-020-00217-6
    Lucas M. Leveau, Adriana Ruggiero, Thomas J. Matthews, M. Isabel Bellocq. 2019: A global consistent positive effect of urban green area size on bird richness. Avian Research, 10(1): 30. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-019-0168-3
    Xingcheng He, Xiaoyi Wang, Shane DuBay, Andrew Hart Reeve, Per Alström, Jianghong Ran, Qiao Liu, Yongjie Wu. 2019: Elevational patterns of bird species richness on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga, Sichuan Province, China. Avian Research, 10(1): 1. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-018-0140-7
    Jin-Ming Zhao, Li-Zhi Zhou. 2018: Area, isolation, disturbance and age effects on species richness of summer waterbirds in post-mining subsidence lakes, Anhui, China. Avian Research, 9(1): 8. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-018-0101-1
    Peng LI, Ping DING, Kenneth J. FEELEY, Jingcheng ZHANG, Pingping JIANG. 2010: Patterns of species diversity and functional diversity of breeding birds in Hangzhou across an urbanization gradient. Avian Research, 1(1): 1-8. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2009.0020

Catalog

    Figures(3)

    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML

    Article Metrics

    Article views (3137) PDF downloads (1561) Cited by()
    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd.   Technical support: info@rhhz.net

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return