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Effects of a tibiotarsus malalignment on the kinematics of the intertarsal joint (ITJ) in the right leg of a Curlew (SMF 499; Senckenberg Research Institute). a Tibiotarsi of the handicapped bird; cranial view of the normal left (L) and caudo-lateral view of the misaligned right (R) bone that shows the canal through the ossified callus. b-g 3D models of the left (yellow) and right (blue) tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, with extended (b-d) or flexed (90°; e-g) ITJ (scale reduced to 65% of that in a). The bones of the malaligned right leg are mirrored (turning them into left leg bones geometrically), and the proximal part of the normal tibiotarsus was superimposed on the malaligned tibiotarsus to directly visualize the geometric effects of the deformity. c, f Cranial views; b, e medial views (from the right); d, g lateral views (from the left). Compare Additional file 2: Video S2, Additional file 3: 3D model S1 and Additional file 4: 3D model S2
Figures of the Article
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Willet with malaligned left tarsometatarsus foraging in water (a) and running on the beach (b). When the animal stood on both legs (c), the left toes Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and Ⅳ contacted the substrate only partly, and the left intertarsal joint (ITJ) was flexed more strongly than the right one (d). Compare Additional file 1: Video S1
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Kinematic gait analysis of a healthy Willet, based on videos taken at 30 frames/s. Representative step cycles are presented for the walking (0.38 m/s; a, b) and the running animal (1.21 m/s; c, d). In (a) and (c), positions of the left and right foot (tarsometatarso-phalangeal joint) are given as open and closed circles, respectively. A black line indicates the trajectory of the bird's estimated center of mass (CM); for clarity, areas representing a foot positioned in front of the CM are shaded. CM speed is shown in blue. Average speed, stride length, and the ratio between the lengths of right and left steps are listed. In (b) and (d), the corresponding intertarsal joint angles (top), the stance phases (bottom) of the right (R; black) and left (L; grey) leg, and the right and left duty factors (DF) are shown
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Kinematic gait analysis of the handicapped Willet. Step cycles are shown for the walking (0.25 m/s; a, b) and the running bird (1.20 m/s; c, d); other details as in Fig. 2. The injured leg is the left one
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Effects of a tibiotarsus malalignment on the kinematics of the intertarsal joint (ITJ) in the right leg of a Curlew (SMF 499; Senckenberg Research Institute). a Tibiotarsi of the handicapped bird; cranial view of the normal left (L) and caudo-lateral view of the misaligned right (R) bone that shows the canal through the ossified callus. b-g 3D models of the left (yellow) and right (blue) tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, with extended (b-d) or flexed (90°; e-g) ITJ (scale reduced to 65% of that in a). The bones of the malaligned right leg are mirrored (turning them into left leg bones geometrically), and the proximal part of the normal tibiotarsus was superimposed on the malaligned tibiotarsus to directly visualize the geometric effects of the deformity. c, f Cranial views; b, e medial views (from the right); d, g lateral views (from the left). Compare Additional file 2: Video S2, Additional file 3: 3D model S1 and Additional file 4: 3D model S2
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