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Natural headings of the Great Knots at CMDT before (a) and after sunset (b) and at YLE before (c) and after sunset (d). Each filled dot shows the direction of an individual bird. The average direction (α, arrow at the center of the circle), sample size (n), mean vector length (r, length of the arrow), and p value of the Rayleigh test are indicated. The 95% confidence interval (lines beside the arrow) is presented only when the p value is < 0.05. A dashed line in (c) indicates that the confidence interval is unreliable because of small sample size or low concentration. The mean direction of the sun is indicated by a sun icon, and the migration direction at CMDT and YLE is indicated by a bold arrow outside the circle in each panel
Figures of the Article
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Locations of the Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve (CMDT, filled triangle) and the Yalujiang Estuarine Wetland Nature Reserve (YLE, filled triangle) in the Yellow Sea. The inset map shows the locations of the Yellow Sea (square) and the main breeding area (hollow circle) in east Siberia and the nonbreeding area (filled circle) in northwest Australia of Great Knots along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway
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Activity intensity of Great Knots (scratch numbers) recorded in orientation funnel experiments at CMDT and YLE before and after sunset. The median (the black line in the box), the 25th percentile and 75th percentile (the bottom and top of the box), and the 1.5 interquartile range (the ends of the whiskers) are shown. Blank boxes represent data at CMDT and filled boxes represent data at YLE. Sample size of each category refers to Table 1
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Factors significantly related to the activity intensity (log-transformed scratch numbers) of Great Knots recorded in orientation funnel cages before sunset at CMDT and YLE. According to the AICc value of all the candidate models (Additional file 1: Table S1), the best model for bird activity intensity includes only the wind effect at CMDT (a) while includes test date (b), body mass decrease (c), and wind effect (d) at YLE. Adjusted activity intensity is shown for data at YLE to exclude the influence of factors other than the presented one. Additional details are provided in Table 3
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Natural headings of the Great Knots at CMDT before (a) and after sunset (b) and at YLE before (c) and after sunset (d). Each filled dot shows the direction of an individual bird. The average direction (α, arrow at the center of the circle), sample size (n), mean vector length (r, length of the arrow), and p value of the Rayleigh test are indicated. The 95% confidence interval (lines beside the arrow) is presented only when the p value is < 0.05. A dashed line in (c) indicates that the confidence interval is unreliable because of small sample size or low concentration. The mean direction of the sun is indicated by a sun icon, and the migration direction at CMDT and YLE is indicated by a bold arrow outside the circle in each panel
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Shifted headings of birds when the wind direction is considered as 0° at CMDT before (a) and after sunset (b) and at YLE before (c) and after sunset (d). Each filled dot shows the direction of an individual bird. The average direction (α, arrow at the center of the circle), sample size (n), mean vector length (r, length of the arrow), p value of the Rayleigh test, and 95% confidence interval (lines beside the arrow) are presented. For confidence intervals, solid lines indicate a p value < 0.05, while dashed lines indicate a p value > 0.05. Note that wind direction (black bold arrow outside the circle) is the direction from which wind is blowing. In tests at YLE after sunset (d), the data were excluded from the analysis for four birds tested on the same day in the absence of wind
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