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Comparison of vocal parameters between the parasitic and nonparasitic groups in Cuculinae. Both the original data without phylogenetic consideration (a‒e) and the result of phylogenetic independent contrasts (f) are shown. DF, DT, HF, NN, and LF represent delta frequency, delta time, high frequency, number of notes and low frequency, respectively. Each dot represents different species, and the data are summarized with box and whiskers plots
Figures of the Article
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Spectrograms of brood parasitic and nonparasitic species illustrating five parameters measured in this study. a Cuculus canorus and b Chrysococcyx caprius as brood parasitic species. Likewise, c Coccyzus minuta and d Coccyzus americanus as nonparasitic species. HF, LF, DF, DT and NN represent high frequency, low frequency, delta frequency, delta time, and the number of notes, respectively. The number of black dots above spectrograms indicates the number of notes
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Comparison of vocal parameters between the parasitic and nonparasitic groups in Cuculinae. Both the original data without phylogenetic consideration (a‒e) and the result of phylogenetic independent contrasts (f) are shown. DF, DT, HF, NN, and LF represent delta frequency, delta time, high frequency, number of notes and low frequency, respectively. Each dot represents different species, and the data are summarized with box and whiskers plots
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