Barber DR, Martin TE. Influence of alternate host densities on Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism rates in Black-capped Vireos. Condor. 1997;99:595-604.
|
Berger AJ. The cowbird and certain host species in Michigan. Wilson Bull. 1951;63:26-34.
|
Blankespoor GW, Oolman J, Uthe C. Eggshell strength and cowbird parasitism of Red-winged Blackbirds. Auk. 1982;99:363-5.
|
Briskie JV, Sealy SG, Hobson KA. Behavioral defenses against avian brood parasitism in sympatric and allopatric host populations. Evolution. 1992;46:334-40.
|
Campbell RW, Dawe NK, McTaggart-Cowan I, Cooper JM, Kaiser GW, Stewart AC, et al. The birds of British Columbia, Vol. 4. Vancouver: UBC Press; 2001.
|
Cannings RA, Cannings RJ, Cannings SG. Birds of the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. Victoria: Royal British Columbia Museum; 1987.
|
Capper C-L, Guigueno MF, Sealy SG. Acceptance of simulated cowbird parasitism in a northern population of Red-winged Blackbirds. Am Midl Nat. 2012;167:127-35.
|
Carello CA, Snyder G. The effects of host numbers on cowbird parasitism of Red-winged Blackbirds. In: Smith JNM, Cook TL, Rothstein SI, Robinson SK, Sealy SG, editors. Ecology and management of cowbirds and their hosts. Austin: University of Texas Press; 2000. p. 110-4.
|
Carey M, Burhans DE, Nelson DA. Field sparrow ( Spizella pusilla), version 2.0. In: Poole AF, editor. The birds of North America. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; 2008. .
|
Clotfelter ED, Yasukawa K. Impact of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds on Red-winged Blackbird reproductive success. Condor. 1999;101:105-14.
|
Curson DR, Goguen CB, Matthews NE. Community-level patterns of population recruitment in a generalist avian brood parasite, the Brown-headed Cowbird. Oecologia. 2010;163:601-12.
|
Delphey PJ, Dinsmore JJ. Breeding bird communities of recently restored and natural prairie potholes. Wetlands. 1993;13:200-6.
|
Elliott PF. Cowbird parasitism in the Kansas tallgrass prairie. Auk. 1978;95:161-7.
|
Ely CA. Comparative nesting success of certain south-central Oklahoma birds [M.S. thesis]. Norman: University of Oklahoma; 1957.
|
Facemire CF. Cowbird parasitism of marsh-nesting Red-winged Blackbirds. Condor. 1980;82:347-8.
|
Feeney WE. Evidence of adaptations and counter-adaptations before the parasite lays its egg: the frontline of the arms race. In: Soler M, editor. Avian brood parasitism: behavior, ecology, evolution and coevolution. Cham: Springer; 2017. p. 307-24.
|
Fleischer RC. Brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds in a simple host community in eastern Kansas. Kansas Ornithol Soc Bull. 1986;37:21-9.
|
Freeman S, Gori DF, Rohwer S. Red-winged Blackbirds and Brown-headed Cowbirds: some aspects of a host-parasite relationship. Condor. 1990;92:336-40.
|
Friedmann H, Kiff LF, Rothstein SI. A further contribution of knowledge of the host relations of the parasitic cowbirds. Smithson Contr Zool. 1977;235:1-75.
|
Gardali T, Ballard G. Warbling Vireo ( Vireo gilvus), version 2.0. In: Poole AF, Gill FB, editors. The Birds of North America. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; 2000. .
|
Gill SA, Sealy SG. Functional reference in an alarm signal given during nest defence: seet calls of Yellow Warblers denote brood-parasitic Brown-headed Cowbirds. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2004;56:71-80.
|
Goertz JW. Additional records of Brown-headed Cowbird nest parasitism in Louisiana. Auk. 1977;94:386-9.
|
Guigueno MF, Sealy SG. Nest sanitation in passerine birds: implications for egg rejection in hosts of brood parasites. J Ornithol. 2012;153:35-52.
|
Hahn DC, Hatfield JS. Parasitism at the landscape scale: cowbirds prefer forests. Conserv Biol. 1995;9:1415-24.
|
Hanka LR. Choice of host nest by the Brown-headed Cowbird in Colorado and Wyoming. Condor. 1979;8:436-7.
|
Henger CS, Hauber ME. Variation in antiparasitic behaviors of Red-winged Blackbirds in response to simulated Brown-headed Cowbirds. Wilson J Ornithol. 2014;126:488-99.
|
Hergenrader GL. The incidence of nest parasitism by the Brown-headed Cowbird ( Molothrus ater) on roadside nesting birds in Nebraska. Auk. 1962;79:85-8.
|
Hill RA. Host-parasite relationships of the Brown-headed Cowbird in a prairie habitat of west-central Kansas. Wilson Bull. 1976;88:555-65.
|
Hosoi S, Rothstein SI. Nest desertion and cowbird parasitism: evidence for evolved responses and evolutionary lag. Anim Behav. 2000;59:823-40.
|
Houston CS. Northern Great Plains Region. Am Birds. 1973;27:882-6.
|
Igl LD, Johnson DH. Brown-headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater, parasitism and abundance in the northern Great Plains. Can Field Nat. 2007;121:239-55.
|
Johnson RG, Temple SA. Nest predation and brood parasitism of tallgrass prairie birds. J Wildl Manag. 1990;54:106-11.
|
King JR. Victims of the Brown-headed Cowbird in Whitman County, Washington. Condor. 1954;56:150-4.
|
Koford RR, Bowen BS, Lokemoen JT, Kruse AD. Cowbird parasitism in grassland and cropland in the northern Great Plains. In: Smith JNM, Cook TL, Rothstein SI, Robinson SK, Sealy SG, editors. Ecology and management of cowbirds and their hosts. Austin: University of Texas Press; 2000. p. 229-35.
|
Kuehn MJ, Peer BD, McCleery RA, Rothstein SI. Yellow Warbler defenses are retained in the absence of brood parasitism but enhanced by experience with cowbirds. Behav Ecol. 2016;27:279-86.
|
Liang W, Møller AP, Stokke BG, Yang C, Kovařík P, Wang H, Yao C-T, Ding P, Lu X, Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Grim T. Geographic variation in egg ejection rate by Great Tits across 2 continents. Behav Ecol. 2016;27:1405-12.
|
Linz GM, Bolin SB. Incidence of Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism on Red-winged Blackbirds. Wilson Bull. 1982;94:93-5.
|
Lowther PE. Old cowbird breeding records from the Great Plains. Bird Band. 1977;48:358-69.
|
Lowther PE. Chickadee, thrasher, and other cowbird hosts from northwest Iowa. J Field Ornithol. 1983;54:414-7.
|
Lowther PE. Brown-headed Cowbird ( Molothrus ater), version 2.0. In: Poole AF, Gill FB, editors. The birds of North America. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; 1993. .
|
Mayfield HF. The Brown-headed Cowbird, with old and new hosts. Liv Bird. 1965;4:13-28.
|
McWilliams GM, Brauning DW. The birds of Pennsylvania. Ithaca: Comstock; 2000.
|
Merrill L, Chiavacci SJ, Paitz RT, Benson TJ. Rates of parasitism, but not allocation of egg resources, vary among and within hosts of a generalist avian brood parasite. Oecologia. 2017;184:399-410.
|
Middleton ALA. Effect of Cowbird parasitism on American Goldfinch nesting. Auk. 1977;2000(94):304-7.
|
Moksnes A, Røskaft E, Braa AT. Rejection behavior by Common Cuckoo hosts towards artificial brood parasite eggs. Auk. 1991;108:348-54.
|
Moskát C, Hauber ME. Conflict between egg recognition and egg rejection decisions in Common Cuckoo ( Cuculus canorus) hosts. Anim Cogn. 2007;10:377-86.
|
Moskát C, Honza M. European Cuckoo Cuculus canorus parasitism and host's rejection behaviour in a heavily parasitized Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus population. Ibis. 2002;144:614-22.
|
Neudorf DL, Sealy SG. Sunrise nest attentiveness in Cowbird hosts. Condor. 1994;96:162-9.
|
Nickell WP. Notes on Cowbird parasitism on four species. Auk. 1955;72:88-92.
|
Orians GH, Røskaft E, Beletsky LD. Do Brown-headed Cowbirds lay their eggs at random in the nests of Red-winged Blackbirds? Wilson Bull. 1989;101:599-605.
|
Ortega CP. The ecology of blackbird/cowbird interactions in Boulder County, Colorado [dissertation]. Bolder: University of Colorado; 1991.
|
Ortega CP. Cowbirds and other brood parasites. Tucson: University of Arizona Press; 1998.
|
Ortega CP, Cruz A. Mechanisms of egg acceptance by marsh-dwelling blackbirds. Condor. 1988;90:349-58.
|
Ortega CP, Ortega JC. Brown-headed Cowbird ( Molothrus ater) parasitism on Warbling Vireos ( Vireo gilvus) in southwest Colorado. Auk. 2003;120:759-64.
|
Ortega CP, Ortega JC, Cruz A. Use of artificial Brown-headed Cowbird eggs as a potential management tool in deterring parasitism. J Wildl Manag. 1994;58:488-92.
|
Patten MA, Shochat E, Reinking DL, Wolfe DH, Sherrod SK. Habitat edge, land management, and rates of brood parasitism in tallgrass prairie. Ecol Appl. 2006;16:687-95.
|
Payne RB. The breeding season of a parasitic bird, the Brown-headed Cowbird, in central California. Condor. 1973;75:80-99.
|
Peck GK, James RD. Breeding birds of Ontario: nidiology and distribution—volume 2: passerines. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum; 1987.
|
Peer BD. Nest sanitation does not elicit egg ejection in a Brown-headed Cowbird host. Anim Cogn. 2017;20:371-4.
|
Peer BD, Bollinger EK. Explanations for the infrequent cowbird parasitism on Common Grackles. Condor. 1997;99:151-61.
|
Peer BD, Sealy SG. Correlates of egg rejection in hosts of the Brown-headed Cowbird. Condor. 2004;106:580-99.
|
Peer BD, Rivers JW, Rothstein SI. Cowbirds, conservation, and coevolution: potential misconceptions and directions for future research. Chin Birds. 2013;4:15-30.
|
Peterjohn BG, Sauer JR, Schwartz S. Temporal and geographic patterns in population trends in brown-headed cowbirds. In: Smith JNM, Cook TL, Rothstein SI, Robinson SK, Sealy SG, editors. Ecology and management of cowbirds and their hosts. Austin: University of Texas Press; 2000. p. 21-34.
|
Picman J. Attempted nest parasitism of the Marsh Wren by a Brown-headed Cowbird. Condor. 1986;88:381-2.
|
Pietz PJ, Buhl DA, Shaffer JA, Winter M, Johnson DH. Influence of trees in the landscape on parasitism rates of grassland passerine nests in southeastern North Dakota. Condor. 2009;111:36-42.
|
Prather J, Ortega C, Cruz A. Aggressive responses of Red-winged Blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus) toward Brown-headed Cowbirds ( Molothrus ater) in areas of recent and long-term sympatry. Bird Behav. 1999;13:1-7.
|
Rivers JW, Jensen WE, Kosciuch KL, Rothstein SI. Community-level patterns of host use by the Brown-headed Cowbird ( Molothrus ater), a generalist brood parasite. Auk. 2010;127:263-73.
|
Robbins CS, Blom EAT. Atlas of the breeding birds of Maryland and the District of Columbia. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press; 1996.
|
Robinson SK, Hoover JP, Herkert JR. Biogeographic, landscape, and local factors affecting cowbird abundance and host parasitism levels. In: Smith JNM, Cook TL, Rothstein SI, Robinson SK, Sealy SG, editors. Ecology and management of cowbirds and their hosts. Austin: University of Texas Press; 2000. p. 280-97.
|
Røskaft E, Moksnes A, Stokke BG, Bicík V, Moskát C. Aggression to dummy cuckoos by potential European cuckoo hosts. Behaviour. 2002;139:613-28.
|
Rothstein SI. An experimental and teleonomic investigation of avian brood parasitism. Condor. 1975;77:250-71.
|
Rothstein SI. Model system for coevolution: avian brood parasitism. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1990;21:481-508.
|
Rothstein SI, Peer BD. Conservation solutions for threatened and endangered cowbird (Molothrus spp.) hosts: separating fact from fiction. Ornithol Monogr. 2005;57:98-114.
|
Ruiz-Raya F, Soler M. Phenotypic plasticity in egg rejection: evidence and evolutionary consequences. In: Soler M, editor. Avian brood parasitism: behavior, ecology, evolution and coevolution. Cham: Springer; 2017. p. 449-71.
|
Sealy SG. Burial of cowbird eggs by parasitized Yellow Warblers: an empirical and experimental study. Anim Behav. 1995;49:877-89.
|
Sealy SG. Evolution of host defenses against brood parasitism: implications of puncture-ejection by a small passerine. Auk. 1996;113:346-55.
|
Sealy SG, Banks AJ, Chace JF. Two subspecies of Warbling Vireo differ in their response to Cowbird eggs. West Birds. 2000;31:190-4.
|
Smith HM. Irregularities in the egg laying behavior of the eastern cowbird. J Colorado-Wyoming Acad Sci. 1949;4:60.
|
Soler M, Soler JJ, Martinez JG, Pérez-Contreras T, Møller AP. Micro-evolutionary change and population dynamics of a brood parasite and its primary host: the intermittent arms race hypothesis. Oecologia. 1998;117:381-90.
|
Soler M, Martín-Vivaldi M, Pérez-Contreras T. Identification of the sex responsible for recognition and the method of ejection of parasitic eggs in some potential Common Cuckoo hosts. Ethology. 2002;108:1093-101.
|
Southern WE, Southern LK. A summary of the incidence of cowbird parasitism in northern Michigan from 1911-1948. Jack-Pine Warbler. 1980;58:77-84.
|
Strausberger BM. The relationship of habitat and spatial distribution of nests with Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism of Red-winged Blackbirds. Wilson Bull. 2001;113:129-33.
|
Strausberger BM, Ashley MV. Community-wide patterns of parasitism of a host "generalist" brood-parasitic cowbird. Oceologia. 1997;112:254-62.
|
Terrill LM. Cowbird hosts in southern Quebec. Can Field-Nat. 1961;75:2-11.
|
Thompson FR III, Robinson SK, Donovan TM, Faaborg J, Whitehead DR, Larsen DR. Biogeographic, landscape, and local factors affecting cowbird abundance and host parasitism levels. In: Smith JNM, Cook TL, Rothstein SI, Robinson SK, Sealy SG, editors. Ecology and management of cowbirds and their hosts. Austin: University of Texas Press; 2000. p. 271-9.
|
Thorogood R, Davies NB. Reed Warbler hosts fine-tune their defenses to track three decades of cuckoo decline. Evolution. 2013;67:3545-55.
|
Uhrich WD. A century of bird life in Berks County, Pennsylvania. Reading: Reading Public Museum; 1997.
|
Underwood TJ, Sealy SG. Grasp-ejection in two small ejecters of cowbird eggs: a test of bill-size constraints and the evolutionary equilibrium hypothesis. Anim Behav. 2006a;71: 409-16.
|
Underwood TJ, Sealy SG. Parameters of Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater egg recognition and ejection in Warbling Vireos Vireo gilvus. J Avian Biol. 2006b;37: 457-66.
|
Underwood TJ, Sealy SG. UV reflectance of eggs of Brown-headed Cowbirds ( Molothrus ater) and acceptor and rejector hosts. J Ornithol. 2008;149:313-21.
|
Underwood TJ, Sealy SG, Mclaren CM. Eastern Wood-Pewees as Brown-headed Cowbird hosts: accepters but infrequently parasitized. J Field Ornithol. 2004;75:165-71.
|
Verner J, Ritter LV. Current status of the Brown-headed Cowbird in the Sierra National Forest. Auk. 1983;100:355-68.
|
Vierling KT. Source and sink habitats of Red-winged Blackbirds in a rural/suburban landscape. Ecol Appl. 2000;10:1211-8.
|
Walkinshaw LH. Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater. In: Brewer R, McPeek GA, Adams Jr RJ, editors. The atlas of breeding birds in Michigan. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press; 1991. p. 508-9.
|
Ward D, Smith JNM. Interhabitat differences in parasitism frequencies by Brown-headed Cowbirds in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. In: Smith JNM, Cook TL, Rothstein SI, Robinson SK, Sealy SG, editors. Ecology and management of cowbirds and their hosts. Austin: University of Texas Press; 2000. p. 210-9.
|
Ward D, Lindholm AK, Smith JNM. Multiple parasitism of the Red-winged Blackbird: further experimental evidence of evolutionary lag in a common host of the Brown-headed Cowbird. Auk. 1996;113:408-13.
|
Weatherhead PJ. Sex ratios, host-specific reproductive success, and impact of Brown-headed Cowbirds. Auk. 1989;106:358-66.
|
Welbergen JA, Davies NB. Strategic variation in mobbing as a front line of defense against brood parasitism. Curr Biol. 2009;19:235-40.
|
Whitehead MA, Schweitzer SH, Post W. Cowbird/host interactions in a southeastern old-field: a recent contact area? J Field Ornithol. 2002;73:379-86.
|
Wiens JA. Aspects of cowbird parasitism in southern Oklahoma. Wilson Bull. 1963;75:130-9.
|
Woolfenden BE, Gibbs HL, McLaren CM, Sealy SG. Community-level patterns of parasitism: use of three common hosts by a brood-parasitic bird, the Brown-headed Cowbird. Écoscience. 2004;11:238-48.
|
Yasukawa K, Searcy WA. Red-winged Blackbird ( Agelaius phoeniceus), version 2.0. In: Rodewald PG, editor. The Birds of North America. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; 2019. .
|
Yasukawa K, Werner W. Nest abandonment as a potential anti-parasite adaptation in the red-winged blackbird. Passeng Pigeon. 2007;69:481-90.
|
Yasukawa K, Lindsey-Robbins J, Henger CS, Hauber ME. Antiparasitic behaviors of Red-winged Blackbirds ( Agelaius phoeniceus) in response to simulated Brown-headed Cowbirds ( Molothrus ater): further tests of the frontloaded parasite-defense hypothesis. Wilson J Ornithol. 2016;128:475-86.
|