| Citation: |
Liying SU, Hongfei ZOU. 2012: Status, threats and conservation needs for the continental population of the Red-crowned Crane. Avian Research, 3(3): 147-164. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2012.0030
|
The Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) is a globally endangered species. Although this species has received much attention by scientists, conservationists and the general public, the continental population of the Red-crowned Crane continues to face serious threats which affect not only its population dynamics but also its breeding and wintering habitats. Habitat loss and deterioration are the main causes of the decline of its population. With the massive loss of habitats in all parts of its range-breeding, stopover and wintering grounds-the cranes have been forced into crops and farmlands where cranes are more vulnerable to human activities, such as poisoning the cranes and conflicts with farmers. From our review of studies done over 30 years, the eastern flyway subpopulation has been stable or slightly increasing and the western flyway subpopulation of the Red-crowned Crane has sharply declined in recent years. The wintering population for the western flyway has declined from over 1100 to less than 500 birds. Not only is the size of the population reduced to less than 50%, but most recently the decline has occurred with frightening speed, by 50-150 birds per winter. The current wintering range for the west flyway is only about 8% of its extent in the 1980s. Urgent actions for habitat protection, law enforcement and education need to stop the declining trend for this species.
As a species of the genus Lophophorus, the Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus), also known as the Impeyan Monal, is a national first grade protected species in China. Despite considerable number of surveys conducted for years over its ranges, current knowledge of the Himalayan Monal in China is still poor. Thus, an estimate of its distribution, numbers and habitat was conducted during a two-year investigation from 2008 to 2009 in southern Tibet, especially in Lhozhag, Cona and Yadong counties. In total, 12 sightings of the Himalayan Monal were recorded during this study period. We summarize the domestic results achieved so far about this species.
The Himalayan Monal is a relatively large-sized bird within the family Phasianidae. With about 70 cm in length, the weight of males ranges from 1980 to 2380 g and that of females from and 1800 to 2150 g. Adult males possess a long crest, feathered with multi-colored plumage throughout its body, while the females, like other pheasants, are dull in color with their upper parts covered with dark brownish black feathers. Notable features in males are their long crest which is metallic green, changeable reddish copper in the back and sides of the neck and a prominent white back while in flight. Tail feathers of the male are uniformly rufous, darker towards the tips, while the lower tail coverts of the female are white, barred with black and rufous. The female has a prominent white patch in the fore neck and a white strip on the tail. First year males are immature and resemble female chicks, but are larger in the first year and their immaturity is less pronounced (Delacour, 1977).
It is also one of the best recognized pheasant species of the western Himalayas because of the metallic, rainbow-colored plumage, iridescent blue head crest and highly exhibited sexual dimorphism of the male. These characteristics have qualified this mountainous forest bird to the status as national bird of Nepal and the state bird of Uttaranchal and Himalchal Pradesh in India (Ramesh et al., 1999; Ramesh, 2003).
The natural range of the the Himalayan Monal spreads from eastern Afghanistan through the Himalayas, including Pakistan, India (the state of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh), China (the Tibet region), Nepal and Bhutan. There is also a report of its occurrence in Myanmar, based on a specimen taken in 1969 from the Hpungan pass (27°30′N, 96°48′E), along the Indo-Myanmar border (Yin, 1970). Domestically there is evidence showing that this montane bird is resident on the southern slopes of the Himalaya mountains, specifically in the counties Dingjie, Tingri, Nyalam, Kuala, Yadong, Nyingchi, Medog and Zayu (Zheng and Wang, 1998; Li, 2004) and Gongshan County in the northwest of Yunnan Province (He, 2001). Our data suggest that the Himalayan Monal is mainly found in Medog, Zayu, Cona, Lhunze, Lhozhag, Nyalam, Dingjie, Gamba and Yadong counties, on the south slopes of the Himalayas. Its western-most location was confirmed to be in Nyalam County. The bird ranges in elevation from 3800 to 4300 m in the summer and from 3200 to 3500 m in the winter.
The Himalayan Monal occupies the upper temperate oak-conifer forests and subalpine oak forests interspersed with open grassy slopes, cliffs and alpine meadows between 2400 and 4500 m elevation, mostly concentrating in a narrow belt between 2700 and 3700 m (Grimmett et al., 1998). They exhibit clear migration in elevation, reaching as low as 2000 m in winter (Ramesh, 2003). Our observations showed that the birds mainly occur in rocky forests where the dominant tree species include Quercus semecarpifolia, Picea spinulosa and Abies spectabilis, characterized by DBH > 20 cm and the oldest tree of the stands was estimated to be more than 500 years old. The bush layer is primarily composed of Salix oritrepha and Rosa tibetica interspersed with steep slopes (45°–50°), cliffs and alpine meadows at an elevation of 3800–4000 m. However, they show tolerance to snow and have been observed to dig through snow for roots, tubers, other plant parts and invertebrates (McGowan, 1994; Kumar, 1997).
The Kajiu Monastery, a small Buddhist temple (28°05′38″N, 91°07′34″E) at an elevation of 4000 m is situated on top of a hill in Lakang town, located on the Chinese-Indian border area of Lhozhag County. Our observations suggest that there were 36–37 individual birds, consisting of 8–10 males, 16–20 females and 7–8 sub-adults, inhabiting an area with a radius of of 5 km around the monastery. The birds move up to the monastery along a tortuous path by walking or jumping with slight flapping of the wings when they climb over terraces 1.0–2.0 m high every morning. They spent about two hours to feed on the barrier wall of the temple where the monks provide food to them until they glide swiftly to their natural habitat at the edge of the cliffs. We observed the birds soaring at a distance of more than 500 m, accompanied by hurried and sharp voices when they were interrupted by some disturbances. From 5:00 to 8:00 in the afternoon, they hunted some plants for foods on the meadow nearby cliffs and then hid on the branches of large oak trees at night. The birds are gregarious during the non-breeding season and live in small flocks of the same gender.
We found a ground nest without any content at an elevation of 3940 m (28°05′35″N, 91°07′21″E), located under an oak tree 8 m tall and 30 cm in DBH on a steep slope near a cliff. The measurement of the nest was 3 cm × 35 cm × 39 cm in depth, width and length. Some feathers and excrements were observed inside the nest.
Other sightings of this bird have been made and some references about nesting of the Himalayan Monal exist. For example, Johnsgard (1986) reported that the clutch size of this species is most commonly four or five eggs in the wild, with three-egg clutches also fairly common and sometime only two eggs are present. The eggs described by Ali and Ripley (1983) were pale yellowish or reddish buff, freckled and spotted with reddish brown. The incubation period, as Howman (1993) reported, is 28 days. Whether the males played an active role in chick rearing could not be established, as reported by Johnsgard (1986), although there are a few suggestions in the literature that males help caring for the young. Still, this is certainly not a typical situation and most authorities contend that he takes no part in the rearing phase. Gaston (1981) described that the Himalayan Monal exhibits a special display flight during the breeding season, consisting of extended gliding, with the tail fanned and the wings held well above the level of the body and with a repeated piping call that varies from fairly soft to strident.
We need to refer to the Buddhist temples and their impact on the conservation of wildlife in the Tibet areas, where a large number of monasteries exist. The size of the Chinese population of the Himalayan Monal was estimated in 2004 to be no more than 1000 individual birds (Li, 2004). The population density of this bird species and the forest cover at the temples are significantly larger than that for other areas (Yu et al., unpublished). The reason for this is that the Buddhist monks and their adherents treat wildlife according their faith and traditional culture. As in most Tibetan temples, the monks of the Kajiu Monastery often provide a variety of foods such as highland barley, tsamb and ghee to wild birds. The monasteries are usually the distribution centers for wild birds with the densest populations. As a result, the population density of the Himalayan Monal near the Kajiu Monastery is 2.03 individual birds per km2, which is much greater than that of Yadong and Cona counties (0.052 birds per km2).
Similar to many other spectacular species, the Himalayan Monal is usually captured by local people for their own purposes. The bird has been decisively incorporated into the traditional folklore of many Himalayan cultures (Delacour, 1977). The use of feathers is deemed significant in rituals and local ceremonies among the people across Asia. For example, men in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh hunted males for their crests, which adorned their ceremonial hats as a sign of high social status and the defining of property qualification, although this pressure subsided after hunting was banned in Himachal Pradesh in 1982 (Kumar et al., 1997; Ramesh, 2003). In addition, pheasants are aesthetically pleasing to humans and irrefutably a source of food. For instance, chickens provide a stable diet for millions of people in the world and sport hunting is very popular entertainment in Europe and America. Thus, several of these factors have collectively contributed to the removal of wild populations in their native regions. As well, pheasant populations have experienced strong depletion, attributed to loss of their habitats by human encroachment and development in most part of their ranges (McGowan and Gillman, 1997).
Another example is Yadong County in Tibet where the Himalayan Monal and Satyr Tragopan (Tragopan satyra) were illegally hunted by local people using traps set on the paths which the birds must pass on snowy days in the winter. These birds are captured to stuff specimens for commercial purposes.
The present state of knowledge of the Himalayan Monal is sketchy and it is necessary to obtain scientific data to understand their behavior and ecological requirements better. This dearth of information may be partly due to its remoteness and lack of accessibility, dense forests and steep terrain of their habitats making them difficult to observe. Furthermore, poaching and habitat degradation from human activities contribute to the situation. We hope that our survey, designed to gather new information on the distribution and ecology of the Himalayan Monal, will encourage further study and conservation of this magnificent species in Tibet and elsewhere. After more investigations, conservation measures for the Himalayan Monal should be implemented for the protection of this species.
We are grateful to the State Forestry Administration to provide financial support to this study. We thank Mr Rong DONG and Mr. Xia LI most sincerely for participating in the fieldwork in a harsh and arduous environment for so long. As well, there are several local people who are not mentioned, but helped in some way or another, which enabled the successful completion of this study. In addition, we are grateful to J.R.B. Miller and G.S. Rawat for their help in providing related literature.
|
Andronov V, Andronova R, Ilyashenko E, Goroshko O, Parilov M. 2008. Status of rare cranes in eastern Siberia. In: Koga K, Hu D, Momose K (eds) Current Status and Issues of the Redcrowned Crane. Tancho Protection Group, Hokkaido, Japan, pp 83-86.
|
|
Bian JM, Wang J, Du C. 2004. Study on the driving mechanism of environment degradation in Xianghai wetland. Areal Res Dev, 5: 125-128. (in Chinese)
|
|
Cai JW, Wang ZC, Wu ZJ, Xu L. 2002. Fire behavior in the wetland of Zhalong Nature Reserve and thinking. Forest Tech, 6: 30-31. (in Chinese)
|
|
Cheng WJ, Zhou JY, Ni N, Qian Y. 2010. The breeding crane survey at Tumuji Nature Reserve, Inner Mongola. China Crane News 14(1): 47-48.
|
|
Chun ZY. 2010. Migratory cranes and storks in Beidaihe. China Crane News, 2: 44-47.
|
|
Ding WN, Zhou FZ. 1982. On the cranes wintering in China. Chin J Zool, 6: 13-14. (in Chinese)
|
|
Duan WR, Du XD. 1987. A new breeding place of Grus japonensisin Da Li Nuo Er (Inner Mongolia). Chin J Zool, 3: 15. (in Chinese)
|
|
Fang CY, Ji W. 2005. Diagnosis and treatment of red-crowned crane poisoned by organophosphorus. China Poult, 5: 22. (in Chinese)
|
|
Feng KM, Li JL. 1985. Aerial surveys on the red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) and other rare water birds. In: Masatomi H (ed) International Spring Censuses on Grus japonensis in 1984. Wild Bird Society of Japan, Tokyo, pp 17-36.
|
|
Feng WY, Liu ZX. 2001. Observation on breeding of migratory cranes at the Sihe Administration Station Sanjiang N. R., in 1996-2000. China Crane News, 5(1): 14-16.
|
|
Gao ZX, Li XM, Wang W. 1999. Varied species of cranes appeared in Hulun Buir grassland. China Crane News, 2: 18.
|
|
Goroshko OA, Liu ST, Bao RL. 2004. Census of cranes and geese in Dalai Lake and Huihe Nature Reserve in 2004. China Crane News, 2: 2-5.
|
|
Goroshko OA. 2009. Status of red-crowned crane population in Trans-Baikal Region (Russia) and on the Russian-Chinese Argun River (the upper Amur River Basin). In: Koga K, Hu D, Momose K (eds) Toward the Future: the Red-crowned Crane. Tancho Protection Group, Hokkaido, Japan, pp 20-29.
|
|
Goroshko OA. 2010. Red-crowned Crane on the Russian-Chinese Argun River and neighboring parts of Daurian Steppes. China Crane News, 1: 6-20.
|
|
Goroshko OA. 2012. Red-crowned Cranes on the Russian-Chinese Argun River and neighboring parts of Daurian steppes. Chinese Birds, 3(3): 231-238.
|
|
Han XD, Wu JC, Zheng ZH, Yu GH, Sun XW, Lin BQ, Yang J, Sun XW, Zheng HS. 2005. Influence of wetland change on cranes in Jilin Province. In: Wang Q, Li F (eds) Crane Research in China. Yunnan Education Publishing House, Kunming, pp 74-80. (in Chinese)
|
|
Harris J. 1992. Managing nature reserves for cranes in China. In: Stahlecker DW (ed) Proceedings of the Sixth North American Crane Workshop. Regina, Saskatchewan. North American Crane Working Group, Grand Island, Nebraska, USA, pp 1-11.
|
|
Harris J. 2011. Water for Zhalong Marsh. In: Prentice C (ed) Conservation of Flyway Wetlands in East and West/Central Asia. Proceedings of the Project Completion Workshop of the UNEP/GEF Siberian Crane Wetland Project, 14-15 October 2009, Harbin, China. International Crane Foundation, Baraboo, Wisconsin, USA.
|
|
He CG, Li HK, Sheng LX, Lang HQ, Li LS. 2005. Changes in the number of red-crowned cranes before and after the 1998 flood at Xianghai, Jilin Province. In: Wang Q, Li F (eds) Crane Research in China. Yunnan Education Publishing House, Kunming, pp 87-91. (in Chinese)
|
|
Higuchi H, Pierre JP. 2005. Satellite tracking and avian conservation in Asia. Landscape Ecol Eng, 1: 33-34.
|
|
Hu YM, Shu Y, Li XZ, Wang L, Li YX, Yang YC. 2004. Change of red-crowned crane breeding habitat and the analysis of breeding capacity in Shuangtaihekou National Nature Reserve. Chin J Ecol, 23(5): 7-12.
|
|
Jiang HX, Qian FW, Hou YQ, Dai M, Zhang GG, Liu DP, Li XM. 2010. The summer survey of Red-crowned Crane in Sanjiang Plain. China Crane News, 1: 24-29.
|
|
Jiang HX, Qian FW, Liu CY, Li XM, Hou YQ, Zhang GG, Dai M, Liu DP. 2012. Impact of marsh changes on breeding cranes in Sanjiang Plain, northeastern China. Chinese Birds, 3(3): 165-179.
|
|
Johnsgard PA. 1983. Cranes of the World. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
|
|
Ke CQ, Zhang D, Wang FQ, Chen SX, Schmullius C, Boerner WM, Wang H. 2011. Analyzing coastal wetland change in the Yancheng National Nature Reserve, China. Region Environ Change, 11: 161-173.
|
|
Kong B, Zhang SQ, Zhang B, Na XD, Li XF, Lu XN. 2007. Analysis of burn severity of wetlands in Zhalong nature reserve and impact of fire on the red-crowned crane habitat. Wetland Sci, 5(4): 248-354.
|
|
Lee K, Seunghua Y. 2010. The red-crowned crane wintering population increase and conservation in Korea. China Crane News, 1: 20-27.
|
|
Lee K. 2009. Wintering status of red-crowned crane and current problems in Korea. In: Koga, Hu and Momose (eds) Toward the Future: the Red-crowned Crane and People. Tancho Protection Group, Hokkaido, Japan, pp 12-19.
|
|
Li WF, Zhao HS, Wang DS, Wang XM, Jiang XJ. 1996. The current situation of red-crowned cranes, Oriental white stork and geese ducks in the wetland of Xingkai (Khanka) Lake. In: China Ornithological Society, Wild Bird Society of Taipei and China Wildlife Conservation Association (eds) Studies on Chinese Ornithology. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, pp 115-118.
|
|
Li WF, Zhao HS. 2000. Number of cranes in the Sanjiang Plain, Heilongjiang Province. China Crane News, 4(2): 1.
|
|
Li XM, Li WG. 2001. Crane resources in Halahai wetland in Longjiang, Heilongjiang, China. J Nat Sci Heilongjiang Univ, 4: 102-104, 108. (in Chinese)
|
|
Li XM, Liu XC. 2005. Study on population dynamic of Redcrowned Crane and White-naped Crane in Naolihe River Basin, Heilongjiang Province, China. Wetland Sci, 3(2): 127-131
|
|
Li YX, Song CZ, Yang YC, Li XJ, Li FL, Huang J, Huang XY. 2010. Spring survey of Red-crowned Crane in Shuangtaihekou NNR., Liaoning. China Crane News, 14(1): 37-40.
|
|
Li YX, Song CZ, Yang YC, Li XJ, Li FL, Huang J, Huang XL. 2012. Monitoring population dynamics of the migratory Redcrowned Crane (Grus japonensis) at Shuangtaihekou National Nature Reserve, northeastern China, from 1991 to 2012. Chinese Birds, 3(3): 225-230.
|
|
Lin BQ. 2005. Diagnosis and treatment of cranes poised by pesticides. In: Wang Q, Li F (eds). Crane Research in China. Yunnan Education Publishing House, Kunming, pp 187-191.
|
|
Liu CM, Xia J, Yu JJ. 2007a. Study on the Strategies of the Water and Land Resources Allocation, Environment Protection and Sustainable Development in Northeastern China-Ecology and Environment Volume. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
|
|
Liu CY, Zhang SQ, Jiang HX, Wang H. 2009a. Spatiotemporal dynamics and landscape pattern of alien species Spartina alterniflora in Yancheng coastal wetlands of Jiangsu Province, China. Chin J Appl Ecol, 20: 901-908. (in Chinese)
|
|
Liu HJ, Yu WF, Jin L, Yi J. 2009b. Field survey report on breeding cranes in Xingkai Lake Nature Reserve. Newsl China Ornithol Soc, 2: 14. (in Chinese)
|
|
Liu HY, Lu XG, Zhang SK, Yan Q. 2005. Fragmentation process of wetland landscape in watersheds of Sanjiang Plain, China. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2: 298-295. (in Chinese)
|
|
Liu JQ, Li ZC, Qin XG. 2007b. Natural History and Study on Human Activity Impacts in Northeastern China. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
|
|
Liu ST, Su L. 2010. Report on the status of the Red-crowned Crane in Hulunbeier. China Crane News, 1: 29-33.
|
|
Liu XT, Ma XH. 2000. Impacts from large scale reclaiming of wetlands to the environment in Sanjiang Plain. Geogr Sci, 1: 14-19. (in Chinese)
|
|
Lü JZ, Zhu SY, Shan K. 1998. Current situation and protection of cranes in Huanghe River Delta. China Crane News, (2): 7-9.
|
|
Lü SC, Zhou SE. 1990. Distribution trends of the red-crowned crane along the coast of Yancheng. Nature (China), 2: 101-103. (in Chinese)
|
|
Lü SC, Zhou ZG, Li YY. 2000. The influence of habitat change to the distribution of waterbirds in Dazonghu Lake. In: China Ornithology Association, Wild Bird Society of Taipei and China Wildlife Conservation Association (eds) Studies on Chinese Ornithology-Proceedings of the 4th Ornithological Symposium of Mainland and Taiwan, China. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, pp 267-269. (in Chinese)
|
|
Lü XG, Tong SZ, Zhang M. 2005. UNEP/GEF Siberian Crane Wetland Project report: Zhalong water management and wetland restoration plan, pp 107.
|
|
Ma GE. 1982. A preliminary study on the breeding habits of redcrowned crane (Grus japonensis). Chin Wildl, 1: 10-16. (in Chinese)
|
|
Ma YQ, Jin LR. 1987. The numerical distribution of the redcrowned crane (Grus japonensis) in Sanjiang Plain area of Heilongjiang Province. Acta Zool Sin, 1: 82-87. (in Chinese)
|
|
Ma YQ, Li XM. 1990. The current situation of resources of Redcrowned Crane in China. Territ Nat Res Stud, 1: 62-64. (in Chinese)
|
|
Ma ZJ, Li B Li WJ, Han NY, Chen JK, Andrew RW. 2009. Conflicts between biodiversity conservation and development in a biosphere reserve. J Appl Ecol, 46: 527-535.
|
|
Ma ZJ, Qian FW, Wang H, Jiang HX. 2000. The current status of red-crowned crane and its habitats at Yancheng Nature Reserve. In: China Ornithology Association, Wild Bird Society of Taipei and China Wildlife Conservation Association (eds) Studies on Chinese Ornithology-Proceedings of the 4th Ornithological Symposium of Mainland and Taiwan, China. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, pp 180-185. (in Chinese)
|
|
Ma ZJ, Zhou LZ, Su LY. 2005. Bibliography of Crane Research in China. Anhui University Press, Hefei, pp 220. (in Chinese)
|
|
Ma ZJ. 1999. The habitat selection and evolution of red-crowned crane Grus japonensis in winter. In: Chinese Zoological Society (ed) Zoological Studies in China. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, pp 589-597.
|
|
Masatomi H, Momose K. 1995. The status of the Tancho, or redcrowned crane in Hokkaido, Japan. In: Halvorson CH, Harris JT, Smirenski SM (eds) Cranes and Storks of the Amur River: the proceedings of the International Workshop. Arts Literature Publishers, Khabarovsk, Moscow, pp 40-41.
|
|
Masatomi Y. 2008. A simple population viability analysis for the Tancho in Hokkado. In: Koga K, Hu D, Momose K (eds) Current Status and Issues of the Red-crowned Crane. Tancho Protection Group, Hokkaido, Japan, pp 27-38.
|
|
Meine CD, Archibald GA. 1996. The Cranes: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK.
|
|
Meng DR. 2006. The rescue of 3 red-crowned cranes and one demoiselle crane in Cangzhou. China Crane News, 2: 47-48.
|
|
Pang SL. 2000. The report on the aerial survey of the redcrowned crane in the Zhalong Nature Reserve. J Sci Teach Coll Univ, 2: 59-60. (in Chinese)
|
|
Park HC. 2008. Present and future of the cranes in from Korea. In: Koga H, Momose M (eds) Current Status and Issues of the Red-crowned Crane. Tancho Protection Group, Hokkaido, Japan, pp 77-82.
|
|
Piao RZ, Han AH, Zhang MH. 2000. Remote sensing and geographic information system to estimate habitat selection of red-crowned crane in Sanjiang Plain of Northeastern China. In: China Ornithology Association, Wild Bird Society of Taipei and China Wildlife Conservation Association (eds) Studies on Chinese Ornithology-Proceedings of the 4th Ornithological Symposium of Mainland and Taiwan, China. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, pp 170-197.
|
|
Qian FW. 2010. Survey on the population of Red-crowned Crane in Songnen Plain. China Crane News, 14(1): 34-37.
|
|
Qian FW, Jiang HX, Yu GH, Yu YZ, Yang J, Pang SL, Piao RZ. 2012. Survey of breeding populaitons of the Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) in the Songnen Plain, northeastern China. Chinese Birds, 3(3): 217-224.
|
|
Ren CY, Zhang B, Zhang SQ, Wang ZM, Song KS, Yang J. 2007. Effects wetland and influential factors in Xianghai Nature Reserve. Res Sci, 6: 75-82. (in Chinese)
|
|
Sai DJ, Liu XP, Yu XJ, Wang XP, Li YH. 1991. The distribution of Grus grus lilfordi Sharpe living through the winter in the Yellow River Delta. J Shandong Forest Sci Tech, 1: 5-8.
|
|
Shan K, Lu JZ, Zhu SY, Yu HL. 2002. Survey on the northward migratory cranes from Huanghe Delta. China Crane News, 1: 11-13.
|
|
Shan K, Wang YZ, Wang WH. 2009. Monitoring the cranes in Yellow River Delta NR., 2008. China Crane News, 13(1): 21-24.
|
|
Shan K, Zhang CH, Zhang HY, Wu X, Zhang XM. 2006. Survey on crane northwards migration in Huanghe Delta, 2006. China Crane News, 2: 11-15.
|
|
Shan K, Zhu SY, Yu HL. 2007. Variatio of crane species and number in Huanghe Delta N.R., 1998-2006. China Crane News, 1: 9-12.
|
|
Shi ZR, Wu LX. 1987. Observations of wintering ecology of redcrowned cranes (Grus japonensis). Chin J Zool, 6: 37-39. (in Chinese)
|
|
Shu Y, Hu YM, Guo DF, Shan K, Zhu SY, Wang LD. 2004. The change of habitat suitable for the red-crowned crane in Yellow River Delta. Chin J Zool, 39(3): 33-34.
|
|
Su L, Harris J, Zhang GJ, Tong SZ, Li F, Yang XJ, Zhang YH. 2011. The ecological monitoring program at Zhalong National Nature Reserve, China: an essential tool for guiding the restoration of the wetlands. In: Prentice C (ed) Conservation of Flyway Wetlands in East and West/Central Asia. Proceedings of the Project Completion Workshop of the UNEP/GEF Siberian Crane Wetland Project, 14-15 October 2009, Harbin, China. International Crane Foundation, Baraboo, Wisconsin, USA.
|
|
Su L, Jiang HX, Qian FW, Wang H, Shan K. 2008. The redcrowned crane wintering population declines during last three winters in China. China Crane News, 2: 12-18.
|
|
Su L. 1993. Comparative Feeding Ecology of the Red-crowned and White-naped Cranes. Master's thesis. University of Missouri-Columbia, USA.
|
|
Su L. 2008. Challenges for red-crowned crane conservation in China. In: Koga K, Hu D, Momose K (eds) Current status and issues of the Red-crowned Crane. Tancho Protection Group, Hokkaido, Japan, pp 63-73.
|
|
Sun XB, Liu HY. 2010. Temporal changes of Grus japonensis suitable wintering habitat in coastal zone of Yancheng, Jiangsu. Chin J Ecol, 4: 694-699. (in Chinese)
|
|
Tamura M, Higuchi H, Shimazaki H, Oguma H, Darman YA, Andronov VA, Nagendran M, Parilov M. 2000. Satellite observation of movements and habitat conditions of red-crowned cranes and oriental white storks in east Asia. Global Environ Res, 4: 207-217.
|
|
Tian JL. 2004. Impacts from 2001 fire to habitat and breeding of Red-crowned cranes in Zhalong Nature Reserve. Forest Sci Tech, 4: 29-31. (in Chinese)
|
|
Tong SZ, Lü XG, Su L, Jiang M, Yao YL. 2008. Changing process and the impact factors of wetland ecosystem in Zhalong Wetland. Wetland Sci, 2: 179-184. (in Chinese)
|
|
Tong YC, Wen CC. 1986. Distribution and numbers of Redcrowned Crane in Jilin Province. In: Ma Y (ed) Crane Research and Conservation in China. Heilongjiang Education Press, Harbin, pp 54-57.
|
|
Wang H, Shi ZR. 2006. Survey on the number of wintering Redcrowned Crane and its habitat in Yancheng N.R. China Crane News, 1: 4-6.
|
|
Wang H, Wang QS, Chu GZ, Jiang HX, Qian FW. 2005. In: Wang Q, Li F (eds) Crane Research in China. Yunnan Education Publishing House, Kunming, pp 49-57. (in Chinese)
|
|
Wang H. 1997. Population number of the Red-crowned Cranes (Grus japonensis) in China was estimated 1400. China Crane News, 1(1): 17-19.
|
|
Wang H. 2000. Information of red-crowned crane and other waterbirds from Yancheng N.R. China Crane News, 1: 8-9.
|
|
Wang H. 2007. Survey on wintering red-crowned crane and rare and precious waterbirds in the coastal area of Yancheng. China Crane News, 1: 17.
|
|
Wang H. 2008. Synchronic survey on wintering red-crowned crane in Yancheng. China Crane News, 12(2): 4-5.
|
|
Wang H. 2010. The wild population of the Red-crowned Crane. China Crane News, 14(1): 43-45.
|
|
Wang QS, Ma YQ. 1987. The present situation of the crane studies in China. Chin Wildl, 2: 6-10. (in Chinese)
|
|
Wang QS, Wang H, Hu DY. 2008. Current status of the wintering population of the red-crowned crane in China. In: Koga K, Hu D, Momose K (eds) Current Status and Issues of the Redcrowned Crane. Tancho Protection Group, Hokkaido, Japan, pp 55-60.
|
|
Wang QS, Yang ZF. 2002. Progress of crane research in China. In: China Ornithology Association, Wild Bird Society of Taipei and China Wildlife Conservation Association (eds) Studies on Chinese Ornithology-Proceedings of the 4th Ornithological Symposium of Mainland and Taiwan, China. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, pp 56-63. (in Chinese)
|
|
Wang QS, Yang ZF. 2005. Review of crane research in China. In: Wang Q, Li F (eds) Crane Research in China. Yunnan Education Publishing House, Kunming, pp 3-18. (in Chinese)
|
|
Wang QS. 1998. Status of wintering cranes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. In: Wetland International-China Programme Office (ed) Wetland and Waterbirds Conservation: Proceeding of an International Workshop on Wetlands and Waterbirds Conservation in North East Asia. hina Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, pp 125-131. (in Chinese)
|
|
Wang QS. 2002. Prospects for the crane research and protection. China Crane News, 2: 2-4.
|
|
Wang WH, Zhu SY, Wang YZ, Shan K. 2010. Survey on the wintering cranes in Yellow River Delta, Shandong. China Crane News, 14(1): 41-42.
|
|
Williams MD, Bakewell DN, Carey GJ, Xu WS, Jin LR. 1991. Migration of cranes at Beidaihe Beach, Hebei Province, China. In: Harris J (ed) The Proceedings of 1987 International Crane Workshop. International Crane Foundation, Baraboo, Wisconsin, pp 139-147.
|
|
Xie YG. 2002. Fires in Zhalong wetland. J China Disaster Reduct, 1: 53-54. (in Chinese)
|
|
Xing LL, Yang GS, Pan YQ, Zhang QR, Qun L. 2005. Cranes and their protection in Inner Mongolia. In: Wang Q, Li F (eds) Crane Research in China. Yunnan Education Publishing House, Kunming, pp 81-86. (in Chinese)
|
|
Xu J, Su L, Lu XP. 1995. A preliminary study on banding of cranes at Zhalong Nature Reserve, China. In: Halvorson CH, Harris JT, Smirenski SM (eds) Cranes and Storks of the Amur River: The Proceedings of the International Workshop. Arts Literature Publishers, Moscow, pp 144-151.
|
|
Xu J, Su L. 1987. The report of banding cranes in Zhalong Nature Reserve (Heilongjiang Province). Abstracts of International Crane Workshop (1987) 40.
|
|
Yan AH. 1986. Preliminary observation on the winter ecology of red-crowned crane in northern Jiangsu. In: Ma Y (ed) Crane Research and Conservation in China. Heilongjiang Education Press, Harbin, pp 73-75. (in Chinese)
|
|
Yan CW. 2002. Red-crowned Crane: Nature History and Humanities Record of Red-crowned Crane. Morning Star Publishing Inc., Taizong, pp 1-236. (in Chinese)
|
|
Yan MH, Liu ST, Zhang W, Zong C, Lou J. 2012. Climate change and its impacts on ecological environment in Hulun Lake Area. Science Press, Beijing, pp 243. (in Chinese)
|
|
Yang B. 2008. Study on habitat characteristics and habitat change of Red-crowned Crane in Rare Bird Nature Reserve of Yancheng, Jiangsu. Master's Thesis, Nanjing University, pp 60.
|
|
Yao LW. 1984. A new breeding place of Grus japonensis in Liaoning Province. Zool Res, 2: 180. (in Chinese)
|
|
Zhang SQ, Na XD, Kong B, Wang ZM, Jiang HX, Yu H, Zhao ZC, Li XF, Liu CY, Dale PE. 2009. Identifying wetland change in China's Sanjiang Plain using remote sensing. Wetlands, 1: 302-313.
|
|
Zhang XX, Feng WY, Xing HL. 2001. The counting of cranes and storks at Sihe observation spot, Sanjiang N. R., 2001. China Crane News, 5(2): 14-15.
|
|
Zhang YH, Zhang SQ, Su LY, Ning J. 2008. Temporal Changes in Landscape of Zhalong Wetland. The 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. pp 4426-4430.
|
|
Zhao ZJ, Wu ZG. 1991. Cranes of Jilin Province. In: Harris J (ed) Proc. 1987 International Crane Workshop. International Crane Foundation, Baraboo, Wisconsin, pp 71-74.
|
|
Zhou ZH, Huan BQ. 1986. Winter distribution of the redcrowned crane (Grus japonensis) in the coastal region of Yancheng Prefecture, Jiangsu Province. Sichuan J Zool, 2: 22-24.
|
|
Zhu BG. 1999. Census on red-crowned cranes at Honghe National N. R., 1999. China Crane News, 3(2): 2.
|
|
Zhu HG, Qin P, Wang H. 2004. Functional group classification and target species selection for Yancheng Nature Reserve, China. Biodivers Conserv, 13: 1335-1353.
|
|
Zhu LJ, Liu HY. 2008. Landscape connectivity of red-crowned crane habitat during its breeding season in Naoli River Basin. J Ecol Rural Environ, 24(2): 12-16, 83.
|
|
Zou HF, Hu DY. 2008. The status and conservation of the redcrowned crane in the Breeding in China. In: Koga K, Hu D, Momose K (eds) Current Status and Issues of the Redcrowned Crane. Tancho Protection Group, Hokkaido, Japan, pp 45-53.
|
|
Zou HF, Wu QM. 2006. Feeding habitat of red-crowned crane and white-naped crane during their courtship period in Zhalong Wetland. Chin J Appl Ecol, 3: 444-449. (in Chinese)
|
|
Zou HF, Wu QM. 2009. Internal distribution pattern of the nests and home ranges of red-crowned cranes in Zhalong Nature Reserve. Acta Ecol Sin, 4: 1710-1718.
|
| Chen Yang, Siheng Chen, Tianpei Guan. 2025: Does wetland degradation impact bird diversity differently across seasons? A case study of Zoige Alpine Wetland ecosystem. Avian Research, 16(1): 100227. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2025.100227 | |
| Xin Luo, Ning Li, Wei Tai, Yao Cai, Zheng Wang. 2024: Seed dispersal by wintering ducks in a coastal wetland of eastern China. Avian Research, 15(1): 100209. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2024.100209 | |
| Guangyao Wang, Jinming Zhao, Weiqiang Li, Xiangrong Song, Yong Zhang, Chunlin Li, Willem F. de Boer. 2023: Responses of breeding waterbird communities to environmental changes in subsidence wetlands in the North China Plain. Avian Research, 14(1): 100110. DOI: 10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100110 | |
| Raphaël Musseau, Melina Bastianelli, Clementine Bely, Céline Rousselle, Olivier Dehorter. 2021: Using miniaturized GPS archival tags to assess home range features of a small plunge-diving bird: the European Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis). Avian Research, 12(1): 30. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-021-00267-4 | |
| Dawei Wu, Canshi Hu, Mingming Zhang, Zhumei Li, Haijun Su. 2020: Foraging habitat selection of overwintering Black-necked Cranes in the farming area surrounding the Caohai Wetland, Guizhou Province, China. Avian Research, 11(1): 5. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-020-00192-y | |
| China Coastal Waterbird Census Group, Qingquan Bai, Jianzhong Chen, Zhihong Chen, Guotai Dong, Jiangtian Dong, Wenxiao Dong, Wing Kan Vivian Fu, Yongxiang Han, Gang Lu, Jing Li, Yang Liu, Zhi Lin, Derong Meng, Jonathan Martinez, Guanghui Ni, Kai Shan, Renjie Sun, Suixing Tian, Fengqin Wang, Zhiwei Xu, Yat-tung Yu, Jin Yang, Zhidong Yang, Lin Zhang, Ming Zhang, Xiangwu Zeng. 2015: Identification of coastal wetlands of international importance for waterbirds: a review of China Coastal Waterbird Surveys 2005-2013. Avian Research, 6(1): 12. DOI: 10.1186/s40657-015-0021-2 | |
| Xiaolian SHU, Zhou LU, Gang YANG, Yuanjun MENG, Zhaotian LI, Fang ZHOU. 2013: Survey of the use by birds of various karst wetlands in southwestern Guangxi, southern China. Avian Research, 4(4): 291-305. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2013.0029 | |
| James HARRIS, Claire MIRANDE. 2013: A global overview of cranes: status, threats and conservation priorities. Avian Research, 4(3): 189-209. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2013.0025 | |
| Fawen QIAN, Hongxing JIANG, guohai YU, Youzhong YU, Jun YANG, Siliang PANG, Renzu PIAO. 2012: Survey of breeding populations of the Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) in the Songnen Plain, northeastern China. Avian Research, 3(3): 217-224. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2012.0028 | |
| Hongxing JIANG, Fawen QIAN, Chunyue LIU, Xiaoming LI, Yunqiu HOU, Guogang ZHANG, Ming DAI, Dongping LIU. 2012: Impact of marsh changes on breeding cranes in Sanjiang Plain, northeastern China. Avian Research, 3(3): 165-179. DOI: 10.5122/cbirds.2012.0026 |
Figures(5) / Tables(2)
DownLoad:
Email Alerts
RSS Feeds